Individual Reflective Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Individual Reflective Report - Essay Example My group identified the huge potential in this sector. We plan to establish a company which deals with selling game prepaid cards to Chinese players. Why the Chinese? This card, which is top up for Chinese internet games, helps Chinese players who are out of their home country to access a reliable payment method in order to access their favourite games just as if they were in China. The Chinese internet banking needs are cumbersome unlike payment methods such as VISA. Our prepaid card makes the whole process of accessing one’s favourite game so much easier when the player is in a foreign country. There are a number of other companies providing a payment method though not exactly the same as ours. We will compete with them due to our projected lower price. This lower price is as a result of operational efficiency and cost associated with a smaller workforce capable of multitasking in different departments. We plan to retain all our customers due to our honesty policy by which w e work for the best interest of our customers. The staff should have good knowledge of internet gaming and online transactions. The company should create a website to facilitate online payments and also set real world stores. There are more than enough suppliers who would be willing and ready to increase our penetration into the target Chinese market via internet. Process of Idea Initiation The process of idea initiation was quite interesting. Each and every member of my group had an idea to propose. Some of the ideas were quite interesting but were quickly objected due to the existence of highly effective competitors. Other ideas were ruled out due to varied reasons such as lack of enough information about how prospective the to-be proposed business would be and lack of originality. After intense discussion on which idea our group would embark on, the group did not come up with a final decision. We decided to dismiss the group and meet on a later date. Every member of the group was supposed to refine his or her idea before the next meeting. On the following meeting, all members showed up. Some dismissed their previously proposed ideas due to reasons such as lack of enough information, them being not practical and low success potential. The group was left to choose between three ideas. Members of the group discussed on the specifics of the ideas before voting for the best idea of them all. A clear majority of the group members agreed on the game prepaid cards as the most lucrative and potentially successful business idea. The occurrences of the process of idea initiation match content of literature. Brainstorming is one of the most common ways of coming up with new ideas. Pinson (2008, p. 21) advises that immediate decision on the best business idea should not be immediately made since brainstorming lacks the virtue of enough information. Group members should dig deeper into knowing facts and other relevant information of their proposed ideas before reaching a n agreement. Making a decision straight away after a brainstorming process may result to the dismissal of the idea due to poor project fundamentals later on after time and other resources have been invested in developing the business plan. Team Work I enjoyed the level of cooperation and the group’s synergy. Majority of the tasks assigned to group members were completed on time. This shows the dedication of individual in making the team work come out successful. Team members contributed in form of

Organizational Change Plan Essay Example for Free

Organizational Change Plan Essay The proposal discussed is Electronic Health records. There are numerous advantages to using Electronic Medical health Records however, there are disadvantages as well. I believe that the Electronic Health Records process needs to be improved. Staff are having major difficulty using EHR‘s and this detrimental to the use because the staff feel uncomfortable therefore avoiding using EHRs. In order to change how the health care providers feel towards using EHRs, management must communicate adequately the need for the change and the great benefits of it. The next step would be for management to educate the staff by using evidence based processes. In this stage, management must make use of EHRs simple for staff to follow and provide enthusiasm in using EHRs correctly. An organizational boundary would be lack of deadlines, lack of funding, and lastly lack of participation from staff. Lack of deadlines leave staff to make their own deadline according to how necessary they feel the change is. Usually, new processes get put off because theyre used to the then existing habit and feel that the new process would require more time and energy. Despite the fact that actually using EHRs require a lot of training the primary benefit of EHRs is that it doesnt require an unnecessary amount of effort. One could save time and make other staffs tasks much easier resulting in faster outcomes and more time to focus on more issues. Another organizational boundary would be lack of funding. EHRs need computers, trainers/ End users, training manuals, subject matter experts, and time which could be rather costly. If an organization does not have the funds to provide training manuals, subject matter experts, or any of the other matters reported then the use of EHRs will not be possible. Lastly, lack of participation from staff is an enormous regulatory barrier. Without the use of EHRs by the staff the employees wont see the benefits of using EHRs and they will continue to use the old and less productive way. Individual barriers include problems comprehending the new information, fear of changing, and computer illiteracy. All the problem stated are rather large personal barriers and are interconnected. One may fear or feel that they dont want to change to EHRs because they are computer illiterate and cant comprehend how to use a computer. When using EHRs one must have basic  computer knowledge and be proficient in using all the necessary tools and softwares on a computer and without this knowledge then a person would feel overwhelmed in trying to use EHRs. There are both good and bad factors that may influence my proposed change. An example of a negative factor would be poor performing computers. Positive factors include good communication. Negative factors such as poor performing computes could negatively impact the use of EHRs significantly. The purpose of using EHRs are to save on time resulting in an increase of productivity but if working on a poor performing computer one may be result in going back to writing out information on health records. The main decisive factor in using EHRs is the incr ease of communication. With the use of EHRs not only all the staff will be able to access a patients information but another organization like a hospital or insurance company will be able to see and use the record. Using EHRs inside an organization will allow for all the staff to view the same information and to be updated. Lewins model relates to the change proposed because the process needed to change the process of EHRs which require Lewins three steps unfreezing, changing and refreezing Spector (2010). Unfreezing would be getting the staff to realize that they need to make a change. It is said that communication is essential in this step because it is needed to convey the urgency and specific outcome wanted (Change Management In Ehr Implementation, 2013). However in this scenario the change wouldnt be to implement EHRs it would be to get the staff to use go from avoiding the use of EHRs to become the new norm. The second step of the Lewins model is change. Change is moving from old habits or behaviors to the new and efficient implementations. Learning new habits and processes are what happens during this changing phase. Also, resistance is often seen in this stage, usually employees are set in their ways and view the new change as difficult or more challenging therefore they will resist the change Spector (2010). This is where the main problem occurs in the use of EHRs especially at my place of employment. The staff was introduced to a new method in recording health records however the staff still had doubts and felt intimidated towards using EHRs. In order to change or prevent the negative attitude towards the change, managers should let the employees know that the new change is necessary and that it contains more benefits than the last process. This is a problem within our organization. Usually providers state  to the workers that a change is going to be made then they train employees immediately and then they leave it up to the employees to continue to use the new process. In addition, managers and other employers sh ould make themselves available to the staff in assisting them with the new change. The last step discussed in Lewins model is freezing. The step freezing ensures that the new process is set in place and will continue to be the new norm. The employees at my workplace were not able to complete the final phase freezing because they resisted the change and reverted back to the old process. Internal resources available to support the change initiatives are using consultants or using expert help or allowing staff to take leadership roles in implementing the use of EHRs. Using expert help specialists allow the trainees to learn more about EHRs and how to prevent and correct problems with EHRs. Allowing staff to implement the use of EHRs through leadership is a very rewarding internal resource (Change Management In Ehr Implementation, 2013). The staff feels good about the change their making and the staff will use EHRs instead of writing this will provide them as well as the viewer with information about a patient and give them a better overview on what is happening with a patient. External resources available to support change initiatives are journals or using sites and articles. External resources would be journals, articles or websites on the subject matter of EHRs. These resources allow one to see anything from the purpose of EHRs, the history of EHRs, as well as how to resolve technical issues with EHRs. I believe that increased efficiency in EHRs will reduce the time it takes to access medical records. The pros outweigh the cons. Depending on whether or not staff has basic computer knowledge the education will be minimal as well as time. The advantages include better time management, more efficient communication, and less space taken up by papers and files. References Change Management in EHR Implementation. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.healthit.gov/sites/default/files/nlc_changemanagementprimer.pdf Spector, B. (2010). Implementing Organizational Change: Theory Into Practice (2nd ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix Ebook Collection database.

Use of Subtle Details in Kate Chopins The Storm Essay -- Chopin Storm

Use of Subtle Details in The Storm    Effectively describing the relationships between characters is one vital component to a great piece of literature.   Without a fundamental understanding of what the characters are feeling and a sense of where they are coming from, a literary work is a puzzle with missing pieces.   A variety of tools exist for authors to accomplish this goal.   Such information can be provided outright, as in a flashback, or an author may chose to rely more heavily on subtle tactics.   In Kate Chopin’s The Storm the preferred forms of relationship development are subtle.   By making good use of tone, small details like dialect and an overarching metaphor, Chopin skillfully incorporates a great deal of emotional depth.      Ã‚  Ã‚   The first device with which Chopin subtly builds the characters' relationships is tone.   Chopin uses tone as a tool to shape the reader's attitude.   By addressing the actions of Calixta and Alcee with a favorable tone, both characters seem to have done something natural and inevitable.   In fact, Calixta and Alcee both commit adultery, yet it is presented to the reader in such a way that both characters escape any kind of negative judgment.   If Chopin had merely written down the course of events in The Storm one might expect a likely response of disapproval from the reader.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Evidence of this use of tone is not hard to find in the text.   One clear example is found as the love scene develops.   Chopin describes Calixta?s flesh as ?knowing for the first time its birthright.?   The word ?birthright? suggests that Calixta is entitled to this affair.   At the same time th... ...nbsp; Finally, the storm ends restoring peace and calm to the countryside just as Alcee and Calixta leave each other with smiles and Bobinot and Bibi return none the wiser.      Ã‚  Ã‚   It is through this metaphor that the reader can best relate to the path the story takes.   This descriptive tool can be overlooked and the story can continue on its own. However, when the reader recognizes and considers this metaphor?s meaning, a much more complete and vivid descriptionis present.      Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion,   it can be seen that Chopin?s use of subtle hints and small suggestive details add considerable meaning to the work as a whole.   Without these small pieces such a vivid picture could not be painted and a narrative with the potential to be a classic would have remained a puzzle with missing pieces.  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Universal Education

11 important Problems of Universalization of Education and their Remedies SWASTIK Universalization of Elementary Education is Constitutional directive. Education is every body's birth-right and it is binding on any government to provide facilities for education for children who are born and reach the school-going age. It was stipulated to achieve Universalization within 10 years from the introduction of Constitution and that is by 1960. But it is now more than three decades after the scheduled time.Now the problems with certain possible remedies to solve them have been discussed as follows: (1) Faulty Policy of Government: The constitutional directive is that states shall endeavour to provide free and compulsory education to all children until they complete the age of 14 years. But it is a matter of regret that the prescribed goal has not been reached as yet. The main cause for this is that the policy of Government was based on idealism. Basic education was accepted as the form of na tional education.Being inspired with this aim, work started to convert the existing primary schools into basic schools. India is a vast country with a very large population. Money was too much in shortage for implementation of so expensive a scheme of conversion of a large number of Elementary Schools. Government has also admitted this. In such a situation, the best policy would have been to make separate treatment for the basic schools along with the general primary and middle schools. (2) Political Difficulties: Education is the basis of democracy.It is necessary to educate the citizens in order to make democracy a success. But so far the Government of India has not been able to devote their full attention towards education. Main reason is that since the attainment of Independence, Government had to face the problems of food, of inimical neighbours, the problem of Kashmir, the problem of linguistic states etc. Those problems still exist and these problems have all along forced to allocate so much money that Government has not been able to devote their due attention for elementary education.The Government is responsible to solve the political problems; the Government is also duty-bound for smooth progress of public education. On no account, this indifference of Government towards universal primary education could be justified. (3) Faulty Administration of Education: In most of the states the responsibility of universal primary education is on the authorities of Blocks, Municipalities and Educational Districts. The progress of expansion of primary education gets slow because of the indifference and incapability of these institutions.In fact, it is the responsibility of the nation to educate its citizens. It is necessary that the Government of India should take upon itself the sacred work of universal enrolment and universal retention at the Elementary stage. In fact it is the responsibility of the action to educate its citizens. (4) Dearth of Money: Inadequacy of money is a serious problem that confronts primary schools. Income of the local institutions responsible for primary education is so much limited that they are totally incapable of meeting the expenditure of compulsory education.To meet the requirements of compulsory basis education it was estimated that an annual expenditure of Rs. 269. 5 crores will be required. But in the First Five Year Plan the allocation was Rs. 93 crores and this allocation was reduced to Rs. 89 crores in the Second Plan. So sincere and honest efforts should be made to educate as many children as possible so as to banish illiteracy to the maximum extent possible. Only after abolition of illiteracy, quality of education as a matter of importance should come. (5) Dearth of Trained Teachers: There is shortage of trained teachers to make Elementary Education Universal and compulsory.Nowadays, the young teachers do not wish to work in rural areas. But the fact remains that majority of Primary Schools are in rur al areas. The chief reason of non-availability of suitable teachers is that teaching work is not attractive for many persons, since the salary of primary teachers is hopelessly low. The condition of Scheduled areas is still more miserable. The hilly and impassable jungle areas with very poor communication and transport facilities fail to attract the present day luxury-loving young men.Teachers should be provided with proper residence in the villages of their work. The question of Women teachers is very much special. So the question of teacher's quarters, residential schools, especially residential Ashram Schools in the Scheduled areas should be provided. The quality of teachers can be improved by executing a training progrmme for the untrained teachers in service on basis of study-leave basis. (6) Establishment and School Buildings: Even the Third and Fourth All India Educational Surveys indicate that even now there are lakhs of villages and habitations without schools.There are nea rly 4 lakhs schoolless villages in India which are to be given schools. It is not that easy to provide necessary funds for setting up such a large number of schools with buildings and other equipments. In order to meet this problem of new buildings along with the existing schools in private houses, temples, verandah of rich persons, residence of teachers etc. should be met by construction of low cost houses of thatch or tile with local materials; looking to the weather conditions of certain places open air stands may be taken up in the ShantiNiketan pattern.All the same, the Primary schools should have accommodations of their own as far as practicable. Problem of school houses along with the problem of lack of teachers in all the primary schools can be solved through shift system in the existing schools. In order to enrol the additional age-group 6-14 children additional section rooms should be constructed. (7) Unsuitable Curriculum: The curriculum for primary schools is narrow and unsuitable to the local needs. The curriculum should be interesting for the children for its continuance.Learning by work should replace the emphasis on monotonous bookish knowledge. Education of craft should be given in the primary schools in accordance with the local needs and requirements. But the schemes of craft education in the primary schools should not of highly expensive ones. (8) Wastage and Stagnation: It is another major problem and great obstacle for universalization of Elementary Education. Out of every 100 students enrolled in class – I more than half leave schools by Class IV, only 32 pupils reach class V and only 26 reach class VIII.This is due to the lack of educational atmosphere, undesirable environment, lack of devoted teachers, poor economic condition of parents, absence of proper equipment etc. In order to check such massive wastage and stagnation at the primary stage, existing educational system and curriculum should be reformed, teaching method should be interesting, school buildings should be adequate and neat and clean, and the parents should be educated. These may help the problem of wastage and stagnation to be solved. (9) Natural Obstacles: Natural barriers are the great obstacles in the way of expansion of compulsory education.The village and small habitations in areas of Himalayan regions, Kashmir, Garhwal, Almora with less population are situated in distances apart. So also the desert areas in Rajasthan, the dense forest areas in Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Assam and many Southern States create problems for expected enrolment. These are very very difficult areas with lack of communication and of Education and School Organization absence of transport. It is desirable to make provision, for schooling facilities even in small habitations without leaving much for mobility of small children in the severe cold, heat or heavy rains 10) Social Evils: Social evils like superstition, illiteracy faith in ancient conventions and customs , child marriages, untouchability, pardah system etc. create innumerable obstacle in the expansion of compulsory primary education. Still man; persons get their sons and daughters married at a very minor age against the Child Marriage Prohibition Act and deprive these school-going children of the fruits of education. Because of illiteracy and ignorance these social evils grow. The educated young men and women should volunteer themselves to remove these evils of society in their neighbourhood.Against these social evils, the work of expansion of universal enrolment should not be slackened, since social evils flourish because of illiteracy and ignorance. (11) Language Problem: 1961 Census reports about 826 languages and 1652 dialects in the country. The Constitution of India, 1950 mentions 14 languages, which can be made medium of education. Compulsory education has not been fully introduced among the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and denotified tribes in the country. This is d ue to the hindrances of languages as medium of education.In the Five Year Plans the incentive programmes of free text-books, free uniform, stipends in hostels, and conversion of Residential Ashram Schools etc. do not improve matters much. The responsibility of education of these castes and tribes, who are staggering under the weight of misery and poverty for centuries, should not be left alone on Govt. Voluntary and philanthropic organization and people should come forward to assist the Government in this sacred and significant work of the nation.

Industrial Relations And Labour Studies Architecture Essay

The Penan is a mobile native that roamed on the land of Sarawak Bumi Kenyalang and some other parts on Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan. They are a extremely evolved classless society and small gender division. Man and adult females shared largely the jobs among them. Such as, garnering the forest merchandise and extracted sago from the sago thenar. But they are still some portion of jobs was male dominated. For illustration, hunting. The Penan practiced the rite of ‘Molong ‘ which means ‘never return more than necessary ‘ . That had made them the hunter-gatherers. Not every of the Penans are mobile hunter-gatherers. The present Penans are consisted with settled, semi-nomadic and entire mobile communities that to the full reliant to the wood merchandises. Presents, the figure of Penan had officially stated approximate to 10,000 people and around 350-500 of them are mobile that scattered over Ulu Baram, Limbang, Tutoh and Lawas of Sarawak. Normally the mobile Penan moves in group that consisted about 40 people included kids and old people. They do non stayed for a long clip in a peculiar topographic point. Once the resources at the topographic point that they stayed became fewer, they will take other suited topographic points and moved once more. ( Figures retrievedfrom:hypertext transfer protocol: //www.survival-international.org) I have to contract down the range to the group of mobile Penan that I would wish to analyze approximately. The mobile people that lived in the forest rely much on their traditional diet- Sago ( amylum from the Sago thenar ) . As the Penan people valued the environment so much, merely the matured and to the full adult sago thenar trees will be cut down. The leader will do certain an sum of sago starched plenty from a individual or a few sago thenar trees and kept adequately for their supply. After that no more sago thenar will be chop down until they are ran out of nutrient. Besides that, the Penan besides preys on meat. And the protein result in their day-to-day diet was contributed by largely wild Sus scrofas, mouse cervid and monkeys. The huntsmans Hunt by utilizing a blowtube, made with the Belian wood and carved out with a bone drill. The darts that they used are made from the sago thenar ‘s tree bark and on its tip ; the Penan dipped it with sort of powerful toxicant latex that extracted from a tree from the wood. However, their manner of life is about to alter due to the force per unit areas that forced them to accommodate the cultivation of seting and domestic animate being genteelness.Issue to lift:As the Real GDP ( gross domestic production ) growing in Malaysia since the twelvemonth of 1999 to 2007 had improved in great per centum, Malaysia authorities had put a tonss of affords on the lumber industry in Sarawak territory. Sarawak was blessed with tonss of valuable trees. The authorities puts a strong accent on the processing lumber that can maximise the local net incomes. It is believe vital to maintain up with the big demand from Japan, India and the Far East states. Ironically, logging seems to convey great blessings to the state, in Sarawak it destroys legion of sago thenar and consuming a huge country of rain forest that the Penan people lived in. Poorly planned logging trails had caused the issues of Earth eroding, landslides and the silting of watercourses happened. The state of affairs had affected the functional relation among the Penan and the wood. Once the large trees were removed, shortly the secondary bushy forest will take over the bare wood bed. Meat becomes difficult to track and fruits that used to be big go less abundant. The Penan is holding troubles in roll uping and runing their nutrient. Resistance from both the settled and nomads were fierce. The authorities faced a difficult clip from those natives. The Sarawak authorities had frequently stated to convey upon the issue and promised to offer development to the Penan. About all nomads Penan go up against with logging and it happened to be immense spread of swearing and understanding between the authorities and the Penan. The authorities puzzled why would anyone desire so much to populate in the jungle and trusting thoughtfully the Penan will comes to their senses. On the other manus, the Penan had lost faith in their authorities as more and more bulldozers driven through their forest. In their position, logging merely convey them catastrophes and they will lose it all if they move a measure rearward from their base on protecting the forest. What is more, at the same clip they see the pristine forest been tear down, holding their districts distorted into oil thenar and acacia plantations is a calamity. Anyhow, as now the Penan had come across the job, they have a pick to do. Shall they stand firmed on their rule and allow the resistance of deforestation continued or merely accept what the authorities had offered and worked in tandem to predominate societal harmoniousness and peace? Can they defy the Penan society to alter? Surely it is a difficult determination to do, there are excessively many valuable things will hold to waive and finally became memory. Harmonizing to Bilton T, Bonnet K and the bookmans,the diverseness and changeableness of societal constructions are a centre subject, together with the disclosure that human action can recast societal dealingss and establishments ; it reveals the human potency for release and originative societal Reconstruction. ( Introductory Sociology: 2nd edition, Bilton T, Bonnet K, Jones P, Stanworth M, Sheard K and Webster A. 1987. Mackays of Chatham PLC, Kent ) Harmonizing to the statement above, societal alterations that happened to the Penan folk was due to the ground of rewording and retracing into a broad and originative society. But the point that I want to reason here is- Does the folk want to alter? Considered upon the motivation that they fight over their rights on the land and the forest, I strongly doubted their willingness in altering their societal concept and their societal life. There was a cause that forced them to travel out from the jungle ; there was a cause to necessitate them to give up their nature root. And it is our responsibility to unveil the secret. Social alteration was defined as the clip when external events happened, such as war and conquering and civilization contact and diffusion, or environmental factors or internal events, such as inventions, innovation and population displacements harmonizing to Barbara Marliene S. & A ; Mary Ann A. Schwartz ( 2006 ) In this point of position, the society of Penan changed when development and wealth interfered. Some of them accepted it and follow a new life manner yet some resisted it and willing to pay any monetary value to defence their existent life. Yet, this diffusion, the spread of civilization traits from one society to another, is the inevitable consequence of contact between civilizations. With modern communicating engineerings making into the most distant corners of the Earth, the rate of diffusion has accelerated dramatically since the bend of the 20th century. ( Sociology: Making sense of the societal universe, 2nd edition, Barbara Marliene Scott & A ; Mary Ann A. Schwartz. 2006, Allyn and Bacon Pearson. ) The societal alteration of the Penan folk was occurred because of the civilization contact and diffusion harmonizing to the statement above. When the civilization of new economic bloom and the up raise national income due to timber industries scatter to the land Sarawak, the districts of the Penan folk was the chief locale to be affected. For illustration, big graduated table of logging operation encroach their land doing them to endure under the pollutions. Their H2O catchment countries were polluted with sediment supplanting, many sago thenars were lost ; wild Sus scrofa, cervid and other game became scarce, the fruit trees and medical specialty purposed herb were difficult to happen. Therefore, their epinephrine prepared them to contend or flight. The consequence of societal alteration among the Penan is staying negative in footings of the authorities position. The Penan chose to contend. For illustration, many encirclements were set up in effort to halt logging operations on their land. Unfortunately, the attempts were difficult to transport on and the state of affairs turns bad with huge graduated table of clangs between the autochthonal community and the province supported logging company. For illustration, SamLing Corporation, lead by CEO Yew Chee Ming, COO James Ho Yam Kong. In association with the honest main curate ‘s privilege company known as STIDC. The Malayan Timber Certificate Council ( MTCC ) had granted the companies with a logging grant. It is average that they have the power to log even on the land that traditionally inhabited by the natives of Sarawak. Apart from the ground of civilization diffusion, the societal alteration that happened among the Penan was due to the cause of demographic tendencies. That is to state every birth, decease, and migration rates can impact the size and composing of a population, which in bend, can hold a major impact on a society.Barbara Marliene Scott& A ; Mary Ann A. Schwartz ( 2006 ) .For illustration, scarceness of nutrient and taint of environment. Presents, the Penan is covering with the exact jobs that I have stated above. Their nutrient becomes difficult to achieve and the inhabited environment was contaminated. These sorts of state of affairs makes their life in the jungle becomes tough and unease. On the other manus, the member in the group is keep diminishing due to migration. Migration refers to the motion of people into or out of a geographical country ( Barbara S & A ; Mary A, 2006 ) . This is to state, many child who grew up in the mobile group choose to travel out from the community and headed to the life manner in the metropolis. The birth rate in the group becomes lesser and lesser as the immature people instead choose a partner from the metropolis than they own people that stayed in the group. As clip base on ballss, merely old coevals and some few immature people will remain on. Finally, their group will turn out to be a smaller group and possibly faded off. It was non something surprise with the reactions that the mobile presented. Harmonizing to Barbara S & A ; Mary A ( 2006 ) ,the behaviour that is likely to emerge in such state of affairs is called corporate behaviour, the comparatively self-generated and unstructured behaviour engagevitamin D in by big Numberss of people who are responding to a common stimulation. ( Sociology: 2nd edition, doing sense of the societal universe. Pg63. 2006. Barbara Marliene Scott & A ; Mary Ann A. Schwartz. Allyn and Bacon Pearson ) The corporate behaviours that the Penan folk had were the attitude that they had shown. Such as, the confrontations with the logging companies and the encirclements that they had made. Corporate behaviours take many signifiers. Some are short-period, self-generated and unstructured. But some are durable, formalistic and well-planned. The signifier the Penan folk used to oppose their dissension was categorized in the center, which is societal motion. It tends to be long -lasting because it has to accomplish a certain end of altering societal order in some cardinal method. For case, the leaders of the Penan folk have a good organized program to achieve their end of continuing their rights on the land. They even met with Al-Gore and Prince Charles sing to their jobs. Harmonizing to Barbara Marliene Scott & A ; Mary Ann A. Schwartz, 2006 in Sociology 2nd edition-making sense of the societal universe, contemn the tremendous power of social establishments and other societal forces against the control of persons, formal organisations of single activism are frequently important to societal alteration and can sometimes agitate the foundation of a society. Such has been the instance with assorted actions that had taken to demo their dissatisfaction, including the protesting that brought upon the media and how the folk fought against the political power and obtained the opportunities to talk out to the universe. In my sentiment, the ways that the Penan took in protesting their disfavor was in the in-between portion of corporate behaviour and societal motion. It is non every bit well-structural as the societal motion because of their by and large free-form attack. Apart from that, it does non involved big Numberss of people. Compares to societal motion, t he manner that the Penan acquired was merely engaged comparatively little sum of people, such as their leaders and alders. It besides consisted a end ; a ground to contend for. So, it can besides be said a end oriented corporate behaviour. But, by deriving the impulse in their opposition and expostulation, they are to state a little measure from becomes societal motion and possibly, it might win in the hereafter!Decision:As everyone can see, societal alteration is non a little affair. Many facets in life have to be considered. Individual, groups, communities are loath to alter and confronting large battle to set from the life manner and conditions that they had used with. At the same clip the society have to differ themselves to keep existing conditions. For case, as jersey and denim has been introduced to the Penan, they have ever preferred chawat. However, when the clip has come, alterations have to be done. Conflicts and contradictions will happen within the procedure for certain . The Penan resists change because of their romanticized impression of traditional values and â€Å" the good old yearss † . ( Barbara S, Mary A, 2006 ) For illustration, the Penan people valued their forest home ground and their traditional rites really much, they like to bathe in the river ; they enjoyed the hunting activities ; they have used to every trees in the jungle. The fright of losing each of them caused them hesitated to have alterations. Not merely that, mobile Penan resists alterations merely merely because of inactiveness ; they have becomes complacent, even if their lives are far less than ideal. ( Barbara S, Mary A, 2006 ) Changes required people to make something different, and it may do a batch of uncomfortableness. Often, the leaders who accept the legitimacy of position quo would likely defy alterations the most. This is because with the credence, it might coerce them to reconsider the genuineness in the old society that used to specify their full intent and power. They might besides afraid of losing their people Black Marias and their prestigiousness in the society to the present authorities. Some mobile Penan refuses to accept alterations due to the miscommunication and misinformation. ( Barbara S, Mary A, 2006 ) . For illustration, the Penan regarded the present authorities as something bad, and they are bad in the context of infiltrated their land and infringed on their rights. It was clearly shown with the logging systems. During the stay of Bruce Parry, the leaders came from afar merely to inquire Bruce to direct their message to the authorities of British so that they can take over the authorities once more. They felt ferocious and anguish towards the Sarawak authorities ‘s making. Affords to advance societal alteration expected to see opposition been provoked as there will ever be person who do non derive anything or lost something if non everything due to the procedure of alterations. So, the phenomenon of the Penan opposition is natural and it is common if they persisted in their expostulation. Personally to state, the 1 who in charge of the forestation in Sarawak should hold been more justness to the people. Government should be the listening ear for the people non the taking manus. Merely the righteous authorities can last everlastingly in the people Black Marias.Mentions:hypertext transfer protocol: //www.survival-international.orgIntroductory Sociology: 2nd edition, Bilton T, Bonnet K, Jones P, Stanworth M, Sheard K and Webster A. 1987. Mackays of Chatham PLC, KentSociology: 2nd edition, doing sense of the societal universe. Pg63. 2006. Barbara Marliene Scott & A ; Mary Ann A. Schwartz. Allyn and Bacon Pearson

Renal physicians Association and the SGR Essays

Renal physicians Association and the SGR Essays Renal physicians Association and the SGR Essay Renal physicians Association and the SGR Essay The present formula for updating the payment for services of physicians is called as the sustainable growth rate. However the very conceptual bias of this particular system is defective. The SGR was created in reaction to the Reform act and the   Balanced budget of 1997.The Congress   came in to establish the fee schedule as one part of Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989 (OBRA89). This was made to control the bias of inflation existing as a result of the CPR method, rectify distortions in payment module, as well as allow the lead to a yearly update of the payment rates of the fees schedule. This lead to the legislation of a formula which was based on the attainment of the expenditure target. As per the SGR formula the expenditure target is not influenced by the historical volume growth of the earlier formulas. It is founded on the actual GDP per capita as well as various other factors like alterations in spending due to laws and regulations, increase in physicians practice cost. (Stabenow Debbie, September 13, 2006, HIMSS Reports: Senator Stabenow Introduces SGR Formula Fix) The RPA came into being in 1973. It is a national medical specialty association where the members are licensed nephrologists of US, the healthcare providers who are in the subspecialty area of internal medicine as well as those in teaching, medicine, research of renal diseases and disorders The basic and core values of the RPA is to enhance professionalism, ensure that there is greater equality in compensation, provide efficient and ethical advanced renal care as well as to promote leadership. The annual membership dues vary from $375 to $0 depending on the membership category. The RPA is committed towards providing high quality service to renal patients and follows the ESRD Patient Safety Initiative, Clinical Practice Guidelines, provides Clinical Performance Measures and incorporates quality improvement tools. According to the payment module it may seem that RPA is concerned for the advancement of its members however the RPA has shown consistent concern for providing quality servic e to kidney patients. (RPA, 2006, About RPA: RPA,the Advocate for Excellence in Nephrology Practice) According to the Political action Committee (PAC) of the Renal Physician Association the Sustainable growth rate (SGR) approach is impregnated by three basic problems. Firstly it results in severing the connection between the payment and cost of producing services. By utilizing this particular formula updates are produced which completely dissociated from the various factors that influence the changes including the cost involved in producing the services of physicians. If this is not dealt with urgently the updates provide a semblance of budget regulation but in the process they also produce a fee’s that will in the long term endanger the beneficiary’s access greatly. Thus the people including the physicians suffer ultimately. (Hackbarth M.Glenn, February 28, 2002, MedPAC recommendations on physician payment policy, Medicare Payment Advisory Commission) Secondly there is an inherently defective volume control mechanism brought into operation as a result of the SGR formula.   This is because sustainable growth rate is merely a national target and doesn’t act as an inducement for the physicians to engage in volume control. This type of formula only helps to project political milestones and has little social and economic significance. Reduction in fees does not necessarily lead to simultaneous and constant sluggish growth in volume. More ever it does not correspond to the increase in the volume of services and to the spending level, which continue to grow. (Hackbarth M.Glenn, February 28, 2002, MedPAC recommendations on physician payment policy, Medicare Payment Advisory Commission) This kind of formula propagates inequality because it doesn’t take into cognizance the regional distinctions with regard to individual volume which in turn will influence the behavior of the updates. As a result the SGR formula leads to the production of updates which may excessively low in some cases and excessively high in others. The Congress in the year 2004-2005 intervened in the Medicare Modernization Act (MMA) in a bid to prevent the various updates for negative payment in the same year due to the formula. But each time the Congress intervened to supersede the negative updates the formula mechanically has to decrease the updates in all future application in order to make up for the alteration. Thus it is predicted that yearly updates of 5% will continue o occur or a period of seven successive years. This series of projections can be characterized as unrealistically and impractically low. More ever in context of budget scoring these forecasts makes other substitutes of the SGR seem unrealistically and un-duly expensive. Hence any legislation on the SRG formula is of no consequence. Instead the PAC of the RPA recommends that a distinct course of action should be initiated. (Hackbarth M.Glenn, February 28, 2002, MedPAC recommendations on physician payment policy, Medicare Payment Advisory Commission) This course of action should incorporate the various explicit deliberations of objectives of the Medicare program.   The updates should consequently be annually considered so that the services of the physicians are appropriately paid for while at the same time the will ensure that the best quality of health care service remains accessible to the Medicare beneficiaries. Along with this the increase in the volume of the physician services can be taken care of directly. The growth in volume is distinct for different regions. The volume growth is actually dependent on the individual physician’s decision regarding his/her practice. The major question is that if all the care that is being provided actually required. According to certain studies and Dartmouth researches better quality of health care has no connection with greater volume of services. Volume growth cannot be controlled and regulated without addressing the actual causes. The SGR which endeavors to regulate volume by t he global payment alterations and by considering all physicians and services in the same parameter is not a good policy. (Hackbarth M.Glenn, February 28, 2002, MedPAC recommendations on physician payment policy, Medicare Payment Advisory Commission) The new system should be concerned with updating payment of the services of the physicians based on the evaluation of adequacy of payment. This should incorporate the projected changes occurring in the input prices on the next year.   This will be a small adjustment for growth in productivity with interaction of multiple factors. Further the updates will not be mechanically or automatically projected and will depict the real image. The various changes relating to the accessibility of beneficiary to the health care services, the aptness of increase in cost and other factors like the quality of services will be reflected in the updates. This will also commensurate with the other Medicare payment systems as well as help in the Legislatures in the various budgets making process. When the projections take the productivity into consideration the physicians are better able to provide high quality service. Once the payment rates are updated appropriately and the issue of adequate payment i s addressed the volume control (significant for both the beneficiary as well as taxpayers) can be addressed. From the perspective of the beneficiary an increase in the volume implies that there is greater cost made from the beneficiary pocket as well as greater cost of payment of supplemental coverage. From the perspective of the tax payers as well there is greater expenditure resulting from increase in volume. Increase in volume also affects the federal budget negatively. Certain volume growth like growth resulting from better technology may in fact be good for the patients. However not all growth is good and this is indicated by the variation in growth in various areas. The variation in certain services is very wide like in imaging and testing. It has been found that variation in volume in various regions is high in discretionary services like imaging and diagnostic testing. In areas where there is greater volume quality of service is found to be less. Volume has been found to dif fer from region to region. The best way to counter the volume problem without resorting to a formula is to adopt a multiple strategy policy. This will includes pre-authorization, profiling, beneficiary education, site inspection, coding edits, privileging and safety standards. At the same time Medicare payment can be linked to quality of service provided. This kind of payment will be budget neutral and will take care of both attainment as well as improvement. This will also help to alter the measurement of quality over time. Hence since higher volume is in no way connected with better quality. This type of action cause will not only ensure that beneficiary’s get better quality of service but also provides incentive for regulating the volume of services. (Hackbarth M.Glenn, February 28, 2002, MedPAC recommendations on physician payment policy, Medicare Payment Advisory Commission) The RPA recommends removal of the physician administered drugs from the ambit of SGR calculation and the inclusion of the entire charge of the new benefits as well as coverage decision within the SGR target. Further it recommends the inclusion of the effect of the alterations in law and regulation. For example the SGR does not consider the down stream services.

Free Essays on Title IX

Title IX Since the conception of America, 11,698 people have served in congress. Of those 11,698, 216 have been women. Currently, women are 51% of the population, 14.3% of the Cabinet, 14% of the U.S. Senate, 14.26% of the U.S. House, 22% of the U.S. Supreme Court, 20.6% of Federal Judges, 18% of state Governors, 20.8% of State Senators, 23% of state Representatives, 9% of state Judges, and 20.8% of big city mayors (Brown Par. 1). Women are increasingly becoming a bigger part of the U.S. government, but not quite equivalent to their population dominance. Despite these relatively small numbers, women have made an impact on politics. Specifically with their contributions to Title IX which went into effect July 1, 1972 (U.S. Department of Education 5). Title IX was a landmark legislation that had a large impact on the women’s movement. Title IX has benefited women in many ways, by requiring equal opportunity for both males and females. Title IX has changed assumptions about female s, lowered the drop-out rate among females, increasing opportunities in both math and science, increasing the completion of post-secondary programs among females, opened up professions and employment opportunities for females, and increased female participation in sports. As the women's civil rights movement gained momentum in the late 1960s and early 1970s, feminists began to focus attention on inequities that prevented the progress of women in education. These issues in education were first brought into the public eye when Representative Edith Green from Oregon, introduced a higher education bill with provisions regarding sex equality. In 1971 more legislation was introduced to ban sex discrimination in education. All the bills that were introduced were compiled into one to form Title IX. Title IX went into effect July 1, 1972. (U.S. Department of Education 5) Title IX stated that "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, b... Free Essays on Title IX Free Essays on Title IX Title IX Since the conception of America, 11,698 people have served in congress. Of those 11,698, 216 have been women. Currently, women are 51% of the population, 14.3% of the Cabinet, 14% of the U.S. Senate, 14.26% of the U.S. House, 22% of the U.S. Supreme Court, 20.6% of Federal Judges, 18% of state Governors, 20.8% of State Senators, 23% of state Representatives, 9% of state Judges, and 20.8% of big city mayors (Brown Par. 1). Women are increasingly becoming a bigger part of the U.S. government, but not quite equivalent to their population dominance. Despite these relatively small numbers, women have made an impact on politics. Specifically with their contributions to Title IX which went into effect July 1, 1972 (U.S. Department of Education 5). Title IX was a landmark legislation that had a large impact on the women’s movement. Title IX has benefited women in many ways, by requiring equal opportunity for both males and females. Title IX has changed assumptions about female s, lowered the drop-out rate among females, increasing opportunities in both math and science, increasing the completion of post-secondary programs among females, opened up professions and employment opportunities for females, and increased female participation in sports. As the women's civil rights movement gained momentum in the late 1960s and early 1970s, feminists began to focus attention on inequities that prevented the progress of women in education. These issues in education were first brought into the public eye when Representative Edith Green from Oregon, introduced a higher education bill with provisions regarding sex equality. In 1971 more legislation was introduced to ban sex discrimination in education. All the bills that were introduced were compiled into one to form Title IX. Title IX went into effect July 1, 1972. (U.S. Department of Education 5) Title IX stated that "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, b...

Using Spanish Infinitives After Conjugated Verbs

Using Spanish Infinitives After Conjugated Verbs The Spanish infinitive is used quite frequently after conjugated verbs, and sometimes in a way that has no direct equivalent in English. Although the Spanish infinitive is sometimes translated as an infinitive in English, it isnt always, as the following examples show: Quiero salir. (I want to leave.)Èl evita estudiar. (He avoids studying.)Necesito comprar dos huevos. (I need to buy two eggs.)El que teme pensar es esclavo de la supersticià ³n. (The one who fears thinking is a slave to superstition.)Intentà ³ ganar el control. (He tried to gain control.) Note that in the above examples, both verbs (the conjugated verb and the infinitive that follows) refer to action by the same subject. This is usually the case when infinitives follow other verbs; the main exceptions are detailed in our lesson on using infinitives with a change of subject. Thus a sentence such as Dice ser catà ³lica (She says she herself is Catholic) doesnt have the same ambiguity that a sentence such as Dice que es catà ³lica would have (it could mean that the Catholic person is someone other than the subject of the sentence). Using Infinitives As discussed in our lesson on infinitives as nouns, the infinitive has characteristics of both a verb and a noun. Thus, when an infinitive is used after a verb, some grammarians view the infinitive as an object of the conjugated verb, while others see it as a dependent verb. It doesnt matter much how you classify it - just note that in either case both the conjugated verb and the infinitive normally refer to action taken by the same subject. If another person is performing the action, the sentence needs to be recast, usually by using que. For example, Marà ­a me asegurà ³ no saber nada (Marà ­a assured me she knows nothing), but Marà ­a me asegurà ³ que Roberto no sabe nada (Marà ­a assured me that Roberto knows nothing). In many cases, either the infinitive or a sentence using que can be used when the person is performing the action of both verbs. Thus sà © tener razà ³n (I know Im right) is basically the equivalent of sà © que tengo razà ³n, although the second sentence construction is less formal and more common in everyday speech. Common Verbs Followed by Infinitives Following is a list of some of the verbs that most commonly are followed directly by an infinitive, along with sample sentences. It is not intended to be a complete list. aceptar (to accept) - Nunca aceptar ir a los Estados Unidos. (He will never accept going to the United States.)acordar (to agree) - Acordamos darle dos dà ³lares. (We agreed to give him two dollars.)afirmar (to affirm, to state, to say) - El 20% de los mexicanos entrevistados afirmà ³ no hablar de polà ­tica. (Twenty percent of the Mexicans interviewed said they dont talk about politics.)amenazar (to threaten) - Amenazà ³ destruir la casa. (He threatened to destroy the house.)anhelar (to yearn, to long for) - Anhela comprar el coche. (She yearns to buy the car.)asegurar (to assure, to affirm) - Aseguro no saber nada. (I affirm I know nothing.)buscar (to seek, to look for) - Busco ganar experiencia en este campo. (I am looking to gain experience in this field.)creer (to believe) - No creo estar exagerando. (I do not believe I am exaggerating.)deber (ought to, should) - Para aprender, debes salir de tu zona de comodidad. (In order to learn, you ought to leave your comfort zone.)decidir (to decide) - Decidià ³ nadar hasta la otra orilla. (She decided to swim to the other shore.) demostrar (to demonstrate, to show) - Roberto demostrà ³ saber manejar. (Roberto showed he knows how to drive.)desear, querer (to want, to desire) - Quiero/deseo escribir un libro. (I want to write a book.)esperar (to wait for, to hope for, to expect) - Yo no esperaba tener el coche. (I was not expecting to have the car.)fingir (to pretend) - Dorothy finge dormir. (Dorothy is pretending to be sleeping.)intentar (to try) - Siempre intento jugar lo mejor posible.) (I always try to play my best possible.)lamentar, sentir (to regret) - Lamento haber comido. (I regret having eaten.)lograr (to succeed in) - No logra estudiar bien. (He does not succeed in studying well.)negar (to deny) - No niego haber tenido suerte. (I do not deny having been lucky.)pensar (to think, to plan) - Pienso hacerlo. (I plan to do it.)poder (to be able, can) - No puedo dormir. (I cant sleep.)preferir (to prefer) - Prefiero no estudiar. (I prefer not to study.)reconocer (to acknowledge) - Reconozco ha ber mentido. (I admit having lied.) recordar (to remember) - No recuerda haber bebido. (He doesnt remember having drunk.)soler (to be habitually) - Pedro solà ­a mentir. (Pedro would habitually lie.)temer (to fear) - Tema nadar. (She is afraid of swimming.) As you can see from some of the above examples, the infinitive haber followed by the past participle is frequently used to refer to action in the past.

Strategic Plan for next Irregular US Coalition Conflict Essay

Strategic Plan for next Irregular US Coalition Conflict - Essay Example In order to bring about strategies that eliminate the challenges for the U.S irregular conflicts, a mixture of collaborative, competitive and authoritative approached are necessitated to bring about effectiveness and flexibility (Keravuori para 2). Formulating strategies that result in war effectiveness require critical understanding of the numerous actors, and their conflicting ideologies, as well as applying a multiphased approach in war. Above all, a careful examination of the economic effects and actions of the irregular conflict should be given precedence, and negotiations should be employed to the maximum. Irregular conflicts are hard to describe, and knowing how to respond to irregular conflicts is inherently intricate for an outsider like United States (Kramer para 3). Efficient strategies demand that strategists should take into account evolving, mutually dependent and multistakeholder nature of irregular conflicts. The United States defeat in the Vietnam War, setbacks in va rious battles like Somalia, Bosnia and Lebanon, coupled with military and political complexities in Iraq and Afghanistan underscores the limits of United States military traditional supremacy. The supremacy has not in the recent past yielded any influential success against non state actors practicing protracted welfare. America has based its military supremacy on firepower that has been counterproductive. This is a problem that is founded on the country’s military and political culture (Keravuori para 5). The counterinsurgency wars that America engages in are mostly political in nature, rather than being jus ad bellum. This implies that the American government risks the lives of its citizens and that of citizens in countries like afghan and Iraq when national concerns and interests are not at stake. The pentagon’s aversion to counterinsurgency is soundly rooted in the American manner of welfare. Since the early 1940s, the army has trained, outfitted and planned for lar ge scale predictable operations for large scale adversaries, and it has traditionally utilized military operations even against irregular conflicts. Barring a philosophical change in the United States’ armed and political culture, America runs a noteworthy risk of failure whenever it goes into irregular wars of choice. The reason is that great power involvement in small wars is nearly always a subject of preference. Such wars do not involve central United States’ security interests, other than placing the confines of American military on display. The war in Iraq is the latest illustration of the confines of America’s power. Observers argue that sending American renowned generals like Rommel Erwin in the operation Iraqi freedom was an incompetent move. The reason is that Iraqi forces were not difficult to deal with as they were poorly trained, incompetently led, demoralized and badly equipped. Thus, sending massively armed troops in Iraq underscores achievement o f America’s military. Neoimperialist Boot Max praised America on its Iraq invasion as one of the signals of military success in American history. These words were one sided as they anticipated a win situation for America. However, this was not the case as America not only lost in its political objective, but also in eliminating insurgency that was erupting day by day. Three years after Iraq incursion, boot expressed

Elfego Baca American Hero Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Elfego Baca American Hero - Research Paper Example Elfego Baca’s Help for the Hispanic Community Elfego Baca’s political efforts can be estimated from the fact that he held a whole range of public offices that included but were not limited to the country clerk, the Socorro superintendent County, the Sierra Counties, and Socorro’s district attorney. Various writers have identified Elfego Baca as a peacemaker. Elfego Baca has been recognized as the â€Å"best peace officer Socorro ever had† (Thrapp 50). Elfego Baca has been America’s official representative of the Victoriano Huerta’s government from the year 1913 till the year 1916. That was while the Mexican Revolution was in progress. This post got Elfego Baca indicted for the criminal conspiracy as Jose Ines Salazar, the Mexican general had escaped from prison. Elfego Baca’s case was defended by Octaviano Larrazolo who was both a politician and a layer from the New Mexico which also led to spread of the name of Elfego Baca amongst the Southwestern residents. In the year 1912, when New Mexico attained the status of a state, Elfego Baca ran as a Republican for the Congress unsuccessfully. However, as a result of his immense tendency to turn the votes out among the people of the Hispanic population, Elfego Baca remained a very popular political figure. Sometimes, Elfego Baca worked like a private detective. He worked with Bronson Cutting who was the longtime Senator of the New Mexico. Elfego Baca offered the political investigation services for him and also wrote a column in Spanish on weekly basis in which he praised the work of Bronson Cutting. His praise represented the praise of the whole population of the local Hispanics for Cutting’s work. In spite of the decline in his health, Elfego Baca tried to run for the governor. However, he could not manage to get the nomination of the Democratic Party for district attorney in the year 1944. At the time when Elfego Baca rendered these services, the Hispanics we re far less popular in the US as they are today. They were not adequately represented in the media or the literature. The lack of popularity of the Hispanics of his time was one of the factors that differentiated Elfego Baca from the rest of his countrymen. Over the passage of time, Elfego Baca was represented in the media and literature for all of the aforementioned reasons in general and the famous gun battle with the 80 cowboys that is indeed, the single most severe gunshot battles in the history of the US in particular. â€Å"Baca also stood out as a rare example of a Latino hero at time when Hispanics were rarely seen on American TV. Elfego Baca proved popular enough to be recut and released theatrically outside the United States† (â€Å"Swamp Fox And†). Elfego Baca’s famous gun battle with 80 cowboys Elfego Baca was in the West’s greatest gunfight from 29 October 1884 to 31 October 1884 at Frisco. He was fighting opposite to 80 to 84 cowboys in tota l. At that time, Elfego Baca was no more than 19 years old. Elfego Baca entered Frisco as a Deputy Sheriff upon an electioneering visit. There, he located Charlie McCarty who was a cowboy and was shooting a plaza. Elfego Baca captured him and resolved to escort McCarty for trial to Socorro since the justice of the peace had declared retaliation from the Slaughter cowboys if

Advanced auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Advanced auditing - Essay Example Rob Gray tries to identify the scope of social accounting as "the preparation and publication of an account about an organisation's social,environmental,employee,community, customer and other stakeholders' interactions and activities and where possible the consequences of those interactions and activities" With the increase in the business activities backed by globalization, business enterprises have started locating their production facilities across the world, breaking cross border barriers. Such a rapid development, many a times will result in the firms overlooking their social obligations in the interest of maximizing their profits. Hence there has been a good deal of efforts being taken to devise the techniques that measure the contribution of an enterprise to the society. These developments may be considered as the result of the increasing realization of the Social Responsibilities of the enterprises and it becomes necessary that the performance of these enterprises should be s een in the context of their fulfilling their social obligations.According to George Clark "What is now coming to be called Social Auditing is similar in many ways to Financial Auditing except that it is about everything else that an organisation does apart from handling money."There has been a number of proposals put forth to design an extended accounting system that measures the social performance of an enterprise. Linowes has proposed the preparation of a Socio-Economic Operating Statement (SEOS) to show the various social costs and benefits of actions of enterprises. This statement proposes to indicate monetary values of various actions of an enterprise classified in to following categories: Relations with people - to include items like training programmes for handicapped workers, contribution to schools for employees, extra costs incurred in hiring persons from minority or suppressed communities. These items would constitute the contribution of the enterprise in 'improving' the relations with the people. The 'detriments' that need to be shown may be items like postponement of installing safety devices etc Relations with Environment - monetary values of improvements and detriments are to be listed and the net effect shown separately. Relations with Products - In a similar way, monetary values of improvements and detriments are to be listed. Since there is yet to be a significant development to take place in this area, many of the existing models aim at measuring the performance of an enterprise vis--vis the society tales into account the factors like human resource contribution, public contribution, environmental contribution, product or service contribution and net income of the enterprise. 1.2 Environmental Audit: "An environmental audit is a means by which businesses can assess the environmental impacts of their operations. At its core is the measurement and evaluation of all inputs and outputs from the production process." (Australian Government) In the context of the increasing emphasis on protection of environment, environmental accounting and auditing have assumed special importance in recent years. Environmental Accounting aims at measuring the impact of the activities of an organization on the environment. The resultant product is the environmental statement, containing the following among other things to be asserted by the management: A brief description of the activities of the organization and the effect of such activities on the environment as envisaged by the organization A description of the organisation's environmental policy, programme and management systems to implement the stated policies A summary of the figures of emissions which may cause pollution of air and water, waste generation, consumption of raw material, energy, water and other significant environmental aspects. There should also be presented a comparison of such data with the legal norms if any

Research on Primark Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

On Primark - Research Paper Example Therefore, it is quite apparent that the research approaches and methods radically influence the research content. Research philosophy is a belief about the way in which data about a phenomenon should be gathered, analyzed and used. This thesis is a qualitative case study which focuses on an analysis of the HR policies prevailing in Primark. To carry out such a study in general we resort to two main approaches; Deductive reasoning; which works from the more general to the more specific subjects. Sometimes this is informally called a "top-down" approach. In such approach we take up the 'theory' and then try to apply it to the hypotheses that we intend to test. Gradually we narrow down to the testing of data and observations for their applicability to the theory/ theories to arrive at a confirmation of its applicability or not. Such an approach require that we enlist the HR principles concerning effective management, motivation, customer relationship management, employees turnover etc. and then see how the ideal situation applies to Primark, by taking relevant data from the company. The Inductive approach on the other hand begins with collecting data, specific observations, which then lead to broader generalization and theories. Such an approach in called as "bottom up" approach. The patterns thus detected are formulated into tentative hypotheses and we can therefore arrive at some general conclusion about our subject. This appears to be a more practical approach, as we need to collect data from different sources and then come out with the inferences after taking a look at the things projected by data. For example if we find that most of the employees are new to the company that effectively points towards a high employees' turnover. Similarly, if most of the employees express their resentment with the way staff matters are handled by the company, that goes on to indicate about lack of proper motivational strategies in the company. However this study is undertaken with a balanced mix of both these approaches so that we get to analyze the organization as well as established theories. Data Collection Requirements For this study, we need main input from the people working for Primark, for which one method is to take the company reports. But these annual reports mainly highlight the financial aspects and do not contain much info about the employees' issues. Secondly, the company's HR records could form the basis for setting up the record structure, but the company will surely not be forthcoming with their official requirements until it is a statutory requirement. This study is purely for academic purposes, so we'll have to look for other means of collecting data. Therefore, while secondary data can be had from earlier similar studies, books and annual reports, making use of questionnaire therefore appears to be the best option for collecting Primary data. Justification of Strategy Collecting data using a questionnaire seems to be the best approach under the circumstances, because with its help we will have detailed answers to some of our curious questions. Going over to each individual and then asking him/her the questions might not be a viable option because it requires enough time on the part of the respondent as well as on the part of th

Ethical consumerism Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethical consumerism - Coursework Example This report describes various meaning of consumerism and describes various approaches adopted by Cooperative group of companies in carrying out its social activities. The report concludes by providing the gap that exist the current study of consumerism. Ethical consumerism (also known as ethical purchasing, ethical consumption, ethical sourcing or ethical shopping) is a type of consumer activism that is based on dollar voting. This concept is practiced through positive buying where ethical products are given first priority. Ethical consumerism was first popularized by a UK magazine published in 1989 so as to produce rating tables which was inspired by criteria-based approach of the ethical investments movement. Ethical consumerism also means that several customers are willing to buy ethically sourced goods that are ethically made and distributed. On the other hand, an ethical consumer is someone who buys things that are ethically produced. Depending on the context used, ethical production means producing a product that is recycled, use of labor that is produced in facilities without using child labor and slavery, or producing food that is free range or organic raised. Therefore the whole idea of ethical consumerism movement is that you know what you are purchasing and that you buy products that are ethically produced since not knowing results to abuse and exploitation. Consumerism is used by other stakeholders as a tool for social change, basing on the theory that organizations make decisions basing on consumer demand. This idea is evidently limited by the massive power of large organizations which influence, if not create, consumer demand through branding and advertisement. Nevertheless, consumer power may be utilized to ensuring that companies are made accountable to the society; where common citizens in their consumer role can make companies to be accountable. Some authors (Ayglon 2009) regard consumerism as a tool for social change while others (Lang & Tahc

Research on Primark Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

On Primark - Research Paper Example Therefore, it is quite apparent that the research approaches and methods radically influence the research content. Research philosophy is a belief about the way in which data about a phenomenon should be gathered, analyzed and used. This thesis is a qualitative case study which focuses on an analysis of the HR policies prevailing in Primark. To carry out such a study in general we resort to two main approaches; Deductive reasoning; which works from the more general to the more specific subjects. Sometimes this is informally called a "top-down" approach. In such approach we take up the 'theory' and then try to apply it to the hypotheses that we intend to test. Gradually we narrow down to the testing of data and observations for their applicability to the theory/ theories to arrive at a confirmation of its applicability or not. Such an approach require that we enlist the HR principles concerning effective management, motivation, customer relationship management, employees turnover etc. and then see how the ideal situation applies to Primark, by taking relevant data from the company. The Inductive approach on the other hand begins with collecting data, specific observations, which then lead to broader generalization and theories. Such an approach in called as "bottom up" approach. The patterns thus detected are formulated into tentative hypotheses and we can therefore arrive at some general conclusion about our subject. This appears to be a more practical approach, as we need to collect data from different sources and then come out with the inferences after taking a look at the things projected by data. For example if we find that most of the employees are new to the company that effectively points towards a high employees' turnover. Similarly, if most of the employees express their resentment with the way staff matters are handled by the company, that goes on to indicate about lack of proper motivational strategies in the company. However this study is undertaken with a balanced mix of both these approaches so that we get to analyze the organization as well as established theories. Data Collection Requirements For this study, we need main input from the people working for Primark, for which one method is to take the company reports. But these annual reports mainly highlight the financial aspects and do not contain much info about the employees' issues. Secondly, the company's HR records could form the basis for setting up the record structure, but the company will surely not be forthcoming with their official requirements until it is a statutory requirement. This study is purely for academic purposes, so we'll have to look for other means of collecting data. Therefore, while secondary data can be had from earlier similar studies, books and annual reports, making use of questionnaire therefore appears to be the best option for collecting Primary data. Justification of Strategy Collecting data using a questionnaire seems to be the best approach under the circumstances, because with its help we will have detailed answers to some of our curious questions. Going over to each individual and then asking him/her the questions might not be a viable option because it requires enough time on the part of the respondent as well as on the part of th

Refugees in Erie Pennsylvania Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Refugees in Erie Pennsylvania - Essay Example In the Erie region, refugees have limited access to health care services, as the provided care by the state agencies and local organizations are insufficient (USCRI, 2011). Additionally, they have limited, or no access and control of resources because they come from conflict-ridden communities such as Iraq, Bhutan, Somalia, Congo, and Ukraine among other countries. Refugees have little or no access to formal education that is enjoyed by other USA citizens. Although they make up a legal percentage of the population, these people are not entirely incorporated to the national budgetary allocation for education or other social amenities (USCRI, 2011). However, they benefit from the intervention of the local faith-based organizations. Furthermore, due to the living condition and lack of resources, these people live in adverse poverty. Their access to basic needs such as shelter and adequate nutritious food is limited. Regardless of the poor conditions experienced by the refugee in the Erie region, they contribute to the community with their cultural heritage used in day-care services. Specifically, the Bhutan’s cultural practice is a potential source of income for the women. The traditional songs of the refugees are necessary tools that enrich the lives of the day-care teachers and children (Pennsylvania Department of Health, 2012). The refugee women train for careers in childcare where they get employment to improve their

Technology Solution for Promoting E-Banking in Bangladesh Essay Example for Free

Technology Solution for Promoting E-Banking in Bangladesh Essay E-banking has revolutionised the way business istransacted by globalising the business enterprise. E-banking technologies have proliferated in recent years, and the availability of a wide range of products has led to increasing adoption among consumers. These technologies include direct deposit, computer banking, stored value cards, and debit cards. Consumers are attracted to these technologies because of convenience, increasing ease of use, and in some instances cost savings. E-banking, in particular, has grown at impressive rates. Between 1995 and 2003, e-banking increased eightfold. Between late 2002 and early 2005, use of online banking increased 47%, a clear evidence that e-banking is associated with better household financial management. All businesses, including small and medium scale industries, no matter their geographical locations, are all beneficiaries of e-banking. It encompasses all kinds of commercial transaction that is conducted on an electronic medium, mostly through the internet. E-banking links business to customers no matter their geographical location. It allows companies to make new business contacts from different global business alliances, test new products and services, and make market research and other enquiries all at a minimal cost both financial and otherwise. Smaller community banks, among others, are more interested in the application of e-banking to gain certain competitive edges over their larger counterparts. In addition to previous e-banking delivery systems, Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) and telephone transaction processing centres, online banking provides banks a new and more efficient electronic delivery tool. While ATMs were first introduced in early 1980s and initially an attempt to reduce operating costs, telephone call centres were developed in the 1990s to handle simple transactions and provide added customer services from a remote location. E-banking has been viewed as an upgrading from previous electronic delivery systems to open new business opportunities for the banking induetry. Electronic banking does not mean only 24- hours access to cash through an Automated Teller Machine (ATM) or Direct Deposit of pay checks into checking or savings accounts as many consumers may think. Electronic banking (e-banking) involves many different types of transactions; it is a form of banking where funds are transferred through an exchange of electronic signals between financial institution, rather than exchange of cash, cheques or other negotiable instruments. With the expansion of global Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure and the internet, e-banking is set to play a pivotal role in the national economic development of any country. But appropriate software, technology, infrastructure, skilled manpower and cyber law are crucial for the implementation of e-banking in the country. This paper reviewed the issues associated with various forms of e-banking accompanied by a field survey and explored the challenges and prospect of e-banking in Bangladesh. Chapter 1 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The primary objective of the report is to find out a technology solution for the banking system of Bangladesh using a nation-wide network. Implementing a nation-wide electronic banking system requires huge investment especially for the establishment of a backbone network. It really matters for a country like ours.

Achieving Genting Theme Park Objectives Through Marketing

Achieving Genting Theme Park Objectives Through Marketing Tourist attraction is a place of interest to visit that is very popular with tourists whether from local or foreign country. Normally, places of tourist attractions are brings organizations that operate their business in tourism industries tend to overprice their goods and services in order to gain profits. (Viewed 20th December 2009, However in Malaysia, with growing economies in the country, Malaysia rapidly become hotspot for amusement and also developments of theme park in tourism industries. In Malaysia, there are many tourist attractions available for local or foreign tourists to visit; one of the tourist attractions is Genting Theme Park. Genting Theme Park is one of the famous theme parts under Genting Malaysia Berhad which consists of Fist world indoor theme park, outdoor theme park and Water Park. 1.1 The role of Marketing in Helping Genting Theme Park in Achieve Its Objectives As a leading brand in theme park industry, Genting Theme Park can rarely satisfy everyone in a market. Therefore, Genting Theme Park then decides which segment presents the greatest opportunity in target markets. Its targets in kids and family markets visit to their theme park. In order to achieve theme park objectives to be the leading leisure, hospitality and entertainment organization in the world, which will responsive to the changing demands to customers and excel in providing quality services. As were seen the main objectives of an organization is to maximize the revenue and profits, and at the same time also to satisfy needs, wants and demands of customers. The role marketing plays in society is a societal process by which individual and groups obtain what they need and want through offering and freely exchanging products and services of value with each others and the role of marketing in helping Genting Theme park to achieve their objectives is plays an important part and eff orts of an organization in order to develop satisfying relationship with customers that benefit for the both parties, the organization and the customers. These efforts will lead marketing to serve an important role within organizations. However without a strong marketing effort, unlikely of an organization can survive in the tourism market. Normally what the public or costumers knows more about an organization services that provided is depends on their interactions with marketers. Therefore, it is important of Genting Theme park to do the research and development (RD) to meet the needs and wants of the costumers in the market because it has direct effect on sales and profitability for Genting Theme Park. (Viewed 20th December 2009 ) Doing the marketing research and development is very important in order to know what features to design into new services in the theme park, what prices should offer to customers and how much to spend on advertising or sales compare with other competitors. Therefore in marketing point of view, tourism industries commonly would use of four major mass communication tools which is advertising, sales promotions packages, events and experiences, and public relations and publicity for the various customers especially tourists that come from foreign country to knows more about the theme park information about the services, promotions packages and useful massage that provided to their value customers. For example, television advertisements is generally know as the most powerful advertising medium and directly reaches a broad spectrum of costumers. It can be an effective means of vividly demonstrating product and service attributes and persuasively explaining their corresponding consumer bene fits. 2. Social element of the macro environment that are currently impacting Theme Park industry Theme park industry performance could reflect by social issue, social issue either positive or negative is significant role whether difficultly or unhindered to achieve the vision of theme park industry in the future. 2.1 Migration Firstly, migration from one district to another was become an opportunity for theme park industry to hire local communities manage or operate the theme park facilities. In Malaysia, resident had shift their hometown in order to find job at capital city, such as Kuala Lumpur, the situation causing population of capital city increased, therefore as short distance of Genting from Kuala Lumpur become a perfect geography strength to attract local communities working at Genting Theme Park, cause people apply Genting job and employee shortage condition rare occurred. So Genting often had sufficient employee to serve customers especially during the festival such as Chinese New Year, Deepavali, and Christmas Day and so on. 2.2 Global Crisis Secondly, social issues such as global crisis would affect consumers visit to theme park, usually national government advice resident reduce go aboard to foreign and visitors may worry accidence occurred when outbreak global crisis. For example, in 2003, Iraq war and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) breakout causing local visitor and foreigner choose stay away from crowded placed. Through genting has implemented various events to increased number of customers consume in theme park during the difficult period, however the result show that profit before tax of Genting was decreased to RM1, 131 million compare to previous year around RM1, 195 million. (genting, 2003) Consequently, the global crisis would bring negative impact on Genting unavoidable, Genting must expect global crisis may occur in the future and draw up few set of solution to solve these issues. 2.3 Natural Environment Issue Thirdly, natural environment issue may also affect policy on operating theme park industry indirectly. The nature environment issue such as global warming has became serious in recent years, that would brought various natural disasters around the world. Therefore society has awareness the environment pollution that threaten their life, society will concern about global warming and support companies going green. Hence theme park industry has engaged and practice various method to reduce global warming. For example, Genting theme park has installed water flow restrictor that function was reduce water consumption around 5% each month, the cost of material would reduced. In addition, Genting theme park also installation of energy devices and minimum boiler process to reduce heat and air pollution. Furthermore, Genting corporate has planning and development various conservation programmed in the future. These programmed could brought advantage on reduce resource waste and simultaneously o btain margin profit in Genting corporate. (Nre, 2009) 3.0 Economic element of the macro environment that are currently impacting Theme Park industry Theme park industry is currently being impact by the economic elements of the macro environment such as currency exchange rate and unemployment rate. 3.1 Exchange rate The exchange rate affects the oversea tourists coming to their country. In U.K, their British pound exchange rate cost higher than other countries, which makes the tourists unable to afford the expenses to a tour in U.K. A lower British pound exchange rate makes the tourists able to afford the expenses for park experience. A reasonable exchange rate among both countries like U.K and Malaysia, Euro countries and Malaysia will effect on the buying power of the tourists, so the tourist will pay a visit to the park. The currency exchange rates policy either limited by government or followed the global economy trend will positively or negatively affects the tourists attendance. (viewed 20th december2009, ) 3.2 Unemployment rate The unemployment rate is one of the major factors that are influencing the theme park industrys attendance. Unemployment rate in local and oversea will bring different effects to the theme parks attendance, either fewer tourists with more local visitors or vice versa. (http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/documents/areas/ctr/ccp/ThemeParkAttendance%28bw%29.pdf) The revenue the people earn will spend part of it with families going to theme park for leisure time to enjoy during the weekend. If the unemployment rate getting higher in the countries, those people normally will not spending their money in the theme park and they will aim for the theme park promotion period for cheaper ticket. 4.0 Customer element of the micro environment that are currently impacting Genting Theme Park Customer is the person, company,orother entity which buys goods and services produced by another person, company, or other entity. So, customers are playing a very important role in market. Genting Highland Theme Park the first mission is to be responsive to the changing demands of our customers and excel in providing quality products and services. (viewed 2009/12/05 http://www.gentingmalaysia.com/annualreports/2008/rwb2008_missioncontents.pdf) 4.1 The Age and Stage In The Life Cycle The age and stage in the life cycle concept will impact upon the Genting Theme Park. They come from different group status, such as children, youngsters, adult and elderly customers. This is because consumers are from different group of age stage they will impact Genting to build or create new games to service the consumers when traveling at Genting Threme Park. Genting Theme Park will serve their customers with different age with different game either in indoor or outdoor. Such as the customers from children and teenager the indoor games such as Malaysias first 4D Motion Master Theater to give the education movie for them. Because adult customers they will aspire stimulate entertainment and new creative game, Genting Theme Park will build the game in outdoor such as Flying Coaster is the first in Asia. Family life cycle from customers also will impact to Genting Theme Park. In the end of the year holiday season parent will bring their children go to travel therefore family relations hip between parent and children when travel at Genting Theme Park. (Philip Kotler and Kelvin Lane Keller, 2009) 4.2 Consumer Consumption Concept The consumers consumption concept changed impacting the Genting Theme Park. Nowadays each customers had basic education and they consider consumption concept not only focus on buying products, that they know their rights and also consist service consumption, therefore customers would spend more money consume on services in entertainment. As service entertainment industry corporate, Genting provide Theme Park either indoor or outdoor to satisfied demand of customers. Customers can enjoy these exciting game simultaneously that improved family relationship between parents and children. Customers consider ticket price of Genting Theme Park was worth to consume, they could going and playing these entertainment facilities with a whole day. But how when the consumers think that what Genting Theme Park provide is not worthy? 5.0 Competitor Element of the Micro Environment That Are Currently Impacting Genting Theme Park Competitor means a business that provides similar products or services. The presence of competitors in an industry drives down the price of goods and services because consumers have more alternatives from which to choose if the price of a particular good or service is too high. For Genting Theme Park, it also facing different competitor since they joined in this industry. 5.1 Threat of intense segment rivalry In a business field, the competitiveness between corporate will become very strong if it already contains numerous, strong competitor. In Malaysia, Genting Theme park is not only the one numerous and strong theme park, there still have many different theme park that have the competitiveness to compete with Genting. The competition like frequent price wars, advertising battles and promotion battle between Genting Theme Park and other themes park, all these lead Genting have to constantly compare its marketing strategies, products, prices and promotion with other competitors. Otherwise, this will make it expensive to compete. This happen more frequently especially in the holiday period. 5.2 Threats of High Entrants and Low Exits In a business field, competitiveness is high when the entry barriers are higher than exit barriers. Firm enter during good times but find it hard to leave during bad time. As the result, this will leads to chronic overcapacity and depressed earnings for all. In this last 10 years, the new entry of other theme park in Malaysia is more than the exit entry. Many firms join and stay in this industry as long as they can get profit from this industry but if they cannot, as long as they keep continued presence, this will cause dampens profit for everyone. In directly, this lead Genting Theme Park has to dealing with even more competitors in order to keep survived in this business field. 5.3 Threat of Substitute Products A segment is unattractive when there are actual or potential substitutes of the product. If technology advances or competition increases in these substitute industries, prices and profits in the segment are likely to fall. For example, electronic games and theme park is categorized in the entertainment field. Nowadays, the introduced of electronic games like play station, PSP, and computer games becomes a common and necessary amusement tool by the world. People will visit Genting theme park because to have fun, and so that same with playing electronic games-all is about fun. With the introduced of the electronic games, this success attracted the major target of customer of Genting Theme Park, like teenagers. Virtually, this creates a competition between of electronic game business field and Genting Themes Park which in the same business field entertainment. 6.0 Conclusion Marketers do not make decision about target market and marketing mix variables in a vacuum. Research and study should be applied in order to further understanding the market. This will help marketer in making the business plan and business decision

Red Sorghum :: essays research papers

Red Sorghum Claire Huot China’s New Cultural Scene   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The film Red Sorghum was one of the most popular Fifth Generation films in China and Abroad. As an adolescent American kid, probably the average, I got to see a new perspective of China through this class. I wanted to compare the West’s interpretation with Chinas’. One of the first things I did was compare Chinese cinema to well known American cinema. Zhang Yimou’s first film as director, Red Sorghum was immensely popular at home and abroad. The film follows a popular novel with its point of view; an off-stage, present-day male narrator whose own life is ancient and minute compared to the family he was grateful to have been associated with. Compared to a classic American Movie this is very much the same. The movie I am talking about is Legends of the fall. In almost the exact same way this movie was made. An older Indian gentleman begins to tell the story he lived. He grew up in a great family, with great traditions. Then he narrates the tale of a family and its struggles through love, war, bitterness, and bad times. Its starts with that voice, on a blank screen: â€Å"I will tell you the story of my grandpa and grandma†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In LOTF an older Indian man starts telling the story of â€Å"Tristan’s stormy birth† We then see the hero at a very young age, fighting a bear. In Red Sorghum instead of the exp ected old granny, we see a beautiful, twenty-something woman who, looks very attractive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Nine arrives at the distillery and rallies all the men together to work, its comparable to the first time Susanna arrives at the ranch. Run by mostly men, she has some women, but the men all look at her with admiration. Right away Tristan is taken to her. When she is out riding and lassoing the cow, is like Nine rounding up the Sorghum to work. Tristan automatically chases a nearby Mustang and catches it. Much like Grandpa catching the first â€Å"thief† on the travel through the sorghum fields. He comes back with a mustang, and Grandpa now has Nine’s appreciation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many script similarities, and cut similarities between these two films, yet LOTF has a more comprehensive plot, to me. Maybe its loses something in the sub-titles, that I don’t find it as intriguing as American Cinema.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One script point in particular in LOTF is the fact that the father was a former military chief, and he left that â€Å"madness† for a more peaceful life.

Religion, Morality, and the Good Life

Religion, Morality, and the Good Life Does morality depend on religion? Many believe the fundamental aspects of morality and religion join to form the basis on how one chooses to live their life. Some would define morality as a system we humans use to distinguish between what is right and what is wrong. Morality could derive from a number of different factors including, religion, culture, and upbringing. Those that believe that morality derives from religion or God’s commands trust in the Divine Command Theory.The Divine Command Theory is the idea that morality is dependent on God; that one’s moral obligation be determined by their obedience to God’s commands. This theory has been and probably will continue to be controversial to many. Morality must have a purely secular foundation. Although religion might not be the concrete basis for morality, it is certain that religion is needed sometime when dealing with specific aspects of morality. There are 2 types of mor ality, justified and unjustified. Justified morality is common sense and does not require intense interpretation.For example, â€Å"Do not steal† is a justified moral command because when one steals they are bringing evil to someone and that is immoral. Unjustified morals are much harder to find reason for than justified morals which can be easily justified by common knowledge. â€Å"Do not have sex before marriage,† is an example of an unjustified morality. It is difficult to explain why doing the act is immoral. This moral standard is irrational in that there is no reasonable answer why one should not do this act in order to remain moral.Religion comes in handy when dealing with grey areas of morality. Those grey areas are known as the unjustified moral commands or unjustified morality. Given the example for an unjustified moral command, one could answer the question â€Å"Why should I not do this in order to remain moral,† by saying it is immoral to have sex before marriage because God commanded us not to because he will punish one who does not follow his commandments. There is no central harm because if this action but one’s self-interest or fear of God’s wrath will keep one from committing this immoral act.The use of God and religion to justify these issues is only useful when dealing with a God-fearing and moral person. Although using religion with morality, in this case, may cause one to agree that morality needs religion and that the Divine Command Theory explains why, it does not justify that religion is the basis for morality. Are right and wrong actions commanded by God? The Divine Command Theory states that good and bad are created by God, not by humans. It has been illustrated that the Divine Command Theory cannot be logically true.The Divine Command Theory states that if God commands â€Å"A,† his commands by itself are sufficient to make â€Å"A† good. â€Å"A is good† just means â€Å"A i s commanded by God. † God’s commands are good simply because God commands it. If there were no God, or if God did not issue any commands, then there would be no such thing as moral right or wrong. However, if actions are good on their own without influence from God, then the Divine Command Theory is false because it is naturally commanded that we do things which are good and avoid those in which we know to be wrong.One’s belief in the existence of a god or gods may cause one to believe that morality assumes God’s existence. Their beliefs seem to give their lives purpose and clear understanding. In Genesis 1:27 it says, â€Å"So God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them. † (NIV) According to Christianity, God created us in his likeness as to fulfill the plan or purpose that he had intended for us. With this idea, the Catholic Church developed the concept of natural law.This natural law concept stated that by working out what one’s purpose is, we will be able to see how we should act and/or behave; it would be apparent in the way in which we have been designed. Within the Catholic Church, the Pope’s condemnation of homosexuality is an example of the natural law theory at work. The natural result to sex is conception, and any other sexual act that is not available to this possibility would be an immoral rejection to the plan God had intended for them. It is obvious that this natural law approach to ethics can cause controversy.It might be perceived as a poor imitation of morality in that it fails to provide justification for many basic moral principles. The supposed link between God and morality provides the idea because God is omnipotent and our creator; we have an obligation to obey his commands. With him being our creator, we owe him our existence. Many ask the obvious question, â€Å"Why do we have this obligation? † Although this view has n ot stood up to reflection, people once believed that children owed the act of obedience to their parents only because children depended on their parents. This view is remarkably similar to the reasoning given for feudalism.In feudalism, in exchange for the protection of the lord, the vassal would give some sort of service to the lord. The obligation between the lord and the vassal regarding the fief or land forms the basis of the feudal relationship. The weakness in this political system was that the vassals never agreed to this plan. By answering the above question in saying that our obligation to obey God’s command is because obedience is morally right, the assumption has been made that morality exists independently of God. Why things are right in the first place is justified and explained by the Divine Command Theory.The Divine Command Theory shows an apparent resemblance to the natural law approach as discussed just before. Rather than focusing on features of his assumed creation as with the natural law theory, the Divine Command Theory implicates a focus on God’s orders. An obvious example of God’s orders would be the Ten Commandments. The most common objection to this approach is that it makes morality seem somewhat subjective. It implies the theoretical likelihood of rape being right simply because God commands this. Some may say that God would never command such an act as rape. God has not, in fact, commanded that rape is good.Assuming that the Divine Command Theory is, in fact, true, it would see God’s goodness in that he will not do anything wrong. But it does not follow that he won’t be unjust or cruel. As long as he is not violating any of his commands, no matter what God does, he will not be doing anything wrong. God is omniscient and morally perfect. Surely this gives us exact reason to why we ought to obey his commands. God’s moral perfection, after all, guarantees that he will issue only those commands that he thinks are right. His overall insight and expertise assures that he will never be wrong in what he believes is right to command of us.It sees God as the highest possible moral guide, giving us reason to always obey his commands. Although this is correct, it does not support the Divine Command Theory. To argue this point is to assume that the greater moral quality is dependent of God’s will, in which the basis for what he commands is. Some thinkers like Immanuel Kant and John Newman, just to name a few, have argued that a sense of conscience is evidence of God. With morality and religion being independent of one another, the independence is considered to be compatible with the existence of God.If we accept that the existence of conscience assumes a being to whom we owe responsibility, God would seem like the only candidate. He is the only person with omnipotent power to see and judge our every action. Newman furthered this thought by asking why people would feel guilty if they did not think they were being watched. In conclusion, there is something wrong with every way of linking morality to religion. I am not claiming that religion cannot have things to say about morality or that it is incapable of helping people do what is morally right.Instead, my claim is that ethics is enhanced with a religiously neutral foundation. Religion can be defined a set of practices independent of a belief system. Religion is the way in which you worship. Some people have participated in religious worship for a while without giving a great deal of thought to a belief system. Morality can be based on religion, but it also can be independent of one’s religion or faith. Although it is possible to hold a religion and not hold to any strong moral principles and vice versa for holding just moral principles, many people hold religious and moral principles.As with Christianity, religion is doing what you are told to do regardless of what is right, and morality is doi ng what is right regardless of what you are told to do. Although morality and religion are used at times to justify one another, they are not dependent of one another. . Works Cited â€Å"Genesis 1 NIV – The Beginning – In the beginning God – Bible †¦ † Bible Gateway. Web. 15 Apr. 2013 . â€Å"The Internet Classics Archive | Euthyphro by Plato. † The Euthyphro. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Apr. 2013