Renal physicians Association and the SGR Essays

Renal physicians Association and the SGR Essays Renal physicians Association and the SGR Essay Renal physicians Association and the SGR Essay The present formula for updating the payment for services of physicians is called as the sustainable growth rate. However the very conceptual bias of this particular system is defective. The SGR was created in reaction to the Reform act and the   Balanced budget of 1997.The Congress   came in to establish the fee schedule as one part of Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989 (OBRA89). This was made to control the bias of inflation existing as a result of the CPR method, rectify distortions in payment module, as well as allow the lead to a yearly update of the payment rates of the fees schedule. This lead to the legislation of a formula which was based on the attainment of the expenditure target. As per the SGR formula the expenditure target is not influenced by the historical volume growth of the earlier formulas. It is founded on the actual GDP per capita as well as various other factors like alterations in spending due to laws and regulations, increase in physicians practice cost. (Stabenow Debbie, September 13, 2006, HIMSS Reports: Senator Stabenow Introduces SGR Formula Fix) The RPA came into being in 1973. It is a national medical specialty association where the members are licensed nephrologists of US, the healthcare providers who are in the subspecialty area of internal medicine as well as those in teaching, medicine, research of renal diseases and disorders The basic and core values of the RPA is to enhance professionalism, ensure that there is greater equality in compensation, provide efficient and ethical advanced renal care as well as to promote leadership. The annual membership dues vary from $375 to $0 depending on the membership category. The RPA is committed towards providing high quality service to renal patients and follows the ESRD Patient Safety Initiative, Clinical Practice Guidelines, provides Clinical Performance Measures and incorporates quality improvement tools. According to the payment module it may seem that RPA is concerned for the advancement of its members however the RPA has shown consistent concern for providing quality servic e to kidney patients. (RPA, 2006, About RPA: RPA,the Advocate for Excellence in Nephrology Practice) According to the Political action Committee (PAC) of the Renal Physician Association the Sustainable growth rate (SGR) approach is impregnated by three basic problems. Firstly it results in severing the connection between the payment and cost of producing services. By utilizing this particular formula updates are produced which completely dissociated from the various factors that influence the changes including the cost involved in producing the services of physicians. If this is not dealt with urgently the updates provide a semblance of budget regulation but in the process they also produce a fee’s that will in the long term endanger the beneficiary’s access greatly. Thus the people including the physicians suffer ultimately. (Hackbarth M.Glenn, February 28, 2002, MedPAC recommendations on physician payment policy, Medicare Payment Advisory Commission) Secondly there is an inherently defective volume control mechanism brought into operation as a result of the SGR formula.   This is because sustainable growth rate is merely a national target and doesn’t act as an inducement for the physicians to engage in volume control. This type of formula only helps to project political milestones and has little social and economic significance. Reduction in fees does not necessarily lead to simultaneous and constant sluggish growth in volume. More ever it does not correspond to the increase in the volume of services and to the spending level, which continue to grow. (Hackbarth M.Glenn, February 28, 2002, MedPAC recommendations on physician payment policy, Medicare Payment Advisory Commission) This kind of formula propagates inequality because it doesn’t take into cognizance the regional distinctions with regard to individual volume which in turn will influence the behavior of the updates. As a result the SGR formula leads to the production of updates which may excessively low in some cases and excessively high in others. The Congress in the year 2004-2005 intervened in the Medicare Modernization Act (MMA) in a bid to prevent the various updates for negative payment in the same year due to the formula. But each time the Congress intervened to supersede the negative updates the formula mechanically has to decrease the updates in all future application in order to make up for the alteration. Thus it is predicted that yearly updates of 5% will continue o occur or a period of seven successive years. This series of projections can be characterized as unrealistically and impractically low. More ever in context of budget scoring these forecasts makes other substitutes of the SGR seem unrealistically and un-duly expensive. Hence any legislation on the SRG formula is of no consequence. Instead the PAC of the RPA recommends that a distinct course of action should be initiated. (Hackbarth M.Glenn, February 28, 2002, MedPAC recommendations on physician payment policy, Medicare Payment Advisory Commission) This course of action should incorporate the various explicit deliberations of objectives of the Medicare program.   The updates should consequently be annually considered so that the services of the physicians are appropriately paid for while at the same time the will ensure that the best quality of health care service remains accessible to the Medicare beneficiaries. Along with this the increase in the volume of the physician services can be taken care of directly. The growth in volume is distinct for different regions. The volume growth is actually dependent on the individual physician’s decision regarding his/her practice. The major question is that if all the care that is being provided actually required. According to certain studies and Dartmouth researches better quality of health care has no connection with greater volume of services. Volume growth cannot be controlled and regulated without addressing the actual causes. The SGR which endeavors to regulate volume by t he global payment alterations and by considering all physicians and services in the same parameter is not a good policy. (Hackbarth M.Glenn, February 28, 2002, MedPAC recommendations on physician payment policy, Medicare Payment Advisory Commission) The new system should be concerned with updating payment of the services of the physicians based on the evaluation of adequacy of payment. This should incorporate the projected changes occurring in the input prices on the next year.   This will be a small adjustment for growth in productivity with interaction of multiple factors. Further the updates will not be mechanically or automatically projected and will depict the real image. The various changes relating to the accessibility of beneficiary to the health care services, the aptness of increase in cost and other factors like the quality of services will be reflected in the updates. This will also commensurate with the other Medicare payment systems as well as help in the Legislatures in the various budgets making process. When the projections take the productivity into consideration the physicians are better able to provide high quality service. Once the payment rates are updated appropriately and the issue of adequate payment i s addressed the volume control (significant for both the beneficiary as well as taxpayers) can be addressed. From the perspective of the beneficiary an increase in the volume implies that there is greater cost made from the beneficiary pocket as well as greater cost of payment of supplemental coverage. From the perspective of the tax payers as well there is greater expenditure resulting from increase in volume. Increase in volume also affects the federal budget negatively. Certain volume growth like growth resulting from better technology may in fact be good for the patients. However not all growth is good and this is indicated by the variation in growth in various areas. The variation in certain services is very wide like in imaging and testing. It has been found that variation in volume in various regions is high in discretionary services like imaging and diagnostic testing. In areas where there is greater volume quality of service is found to be less. Volume has been found to dif fer from region to region. The best way to counter the volume problem without resorting to a formula is to adopt a multiple strategy policy. This will includes pre-authorization, profiling, beneficiary education, site inspection, coding edits, privileging and safety standards. At the same time Medicare payment can be linked to quality of service provided. This kind of payment will be budget neutral and will take care of both attainment as well as improvement. This will also help to alter the measurement of quality over time. Hence since higher volume is in no way connected with better quality. This type of action cause will not only ensure that beneficiary’s get better quality of service but also provides incentive for regulating the volume of services. (Hackbarth M.Glenn, February 28, 2002, MedPAC recommendations on physician payment policy, Medicare Payment Advisory Commission) The RPA recommends removal of the physician administered drugs from the ambit of SGR calculation and the inclusion of the entire charge of the new benefits as well as coverage decision within the SGR target. Further it recommends the inclusion of the effect of the alterations in law and regulation. For example the SGR does not consider the down stream services.

Free Essays on Title IX

Title IX Since the conception of America, 11,698 people have served in congress. Of those 11,698, 216 have been women. Currently, women are 51% of the population, 14.3% of the Cabinet, 14% of the U.S. Senate, 14.26% of the U.S. House, 22% of the U.S. Supreme Court, 20.6% of Federal Judges, 18% of state Governors, 20.8% of State Senators, 23% of state Representatives, 9% of state Judges, and 20.8% of big city mayors (Brown Par. 1). Women are increasingly becoming a bigger part of the U.S. government, but not quite equivalent to their population dominance. Despite these relatively small numbers, women have made an impact on politics. Specifically with their contributions to Title IX which went into effect July 1, 1972 (U.S. Department of Education 5). Title IX was a landmark legislation that had a large impact on the women’s movement. Title IX has benefited women in many ways, by requiring equal opportunity for both males and females. Title IX has changed assumptions about female s, lowered the drop-out rate among females, increasing opportunities in both math and science, increasing the completion of post-secondary programs among females, opened up professions and employment opportunities for females, and increased female participation in sports. As the women's civil rights movement gained momentum in the late 1960s and early 1970s, feminists began to focus attention on inequities that prevented the progress of women in education. These issues in education were first brought into the public eye when Representative Edith Green from Oregon, introduced a higher education bill with provisions regarding sex equality. In 1971 more legislation was introduced to ban sex discrimination in education. All the bills that were introduced were compiled into one to form Title IX. Title IX went into effect July 1, 1972. (U.S. Department of Education 5) Title IX stated that "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, b... Free Essays on Title IX Free Essays on Title IX Title IX Since the conception of America, 11,698 people have served in congress. Of those 11,698, 216 have been women. Currently, women are 51% of the population, 14.3% of the Cabinet, 14% of the U.S. Senate, 14.26% of the U.S. House, 22% of the U.S. Supreme Court, 20.6% of Federal Judges, 18% of state Governors, 20.8% of State Senators, 23% of state Representatives, 9% of state Judges, and 20.8% of big city mayors (Brown Par. 1). Women are increasingly becoming a bigger part of the U.S. government, but not quite equivalent to their population dominance. Despite these relatively small numbers, women have made an impact on politics. Specifically with their contributions to Title IX which went into effect July 1, 1972 (U.S. Department of Education 5). Title IX was a landmark legislation that had a large impact on the women’s movement. Title IX has benefited women in many ways, by requiring equal opportunity for both males and females. Title IX has changed assumptions about female s, lowered the drop-out rate among females, increasing opportunities in both math and science, increasing the completion of post-secondary programs among females, opened up professions and employment opportunities for females, and increased female participation in sports. As the women's civil rights movement gained momentum in the late 1960s and early 1970s, feminists began to focus attention on inequities that prevented the progress of women in education. These issues in education were first brought into the public eye when Representative Edith Green from Oregon, introduced a higher education bill with provisions regarding sex equality. In 1971 more legislation was introduced to ban sex discrimination in education. All the bills that were introduced were compiled into one to form Title IX. Title IX went into effect July 1, 1972. (U.S. Department of Education 5) Title IX stated that "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, b...

Using Spanish Infinitives After Conjugated Verbs

Using Spanish Infinitives After Conjugated Verbs The Spanish infinitive is used quite frequently after conjugated verbs, and sometimes in a way that has no direct equivalent in English. Although the Spanish infinitive is sometimes translated as an infinitive in English, it isnt always, as the following examples show: Quiero salir. (I want to leave.)Èl evita estudiar. (He avoids studying.)Necesito comprar dos huevos. (I need to buy two eggs.)El que teme pensar es esclavo de la supersticià ³n. (The one who fears thinking is a slave to superstition.)Intentà ³ ganar el control. (He tried to gain control.) Note that in the above examples, both verbs (the conjugated verb and the infinitive that follows) refer to action by the same subject. This is usually the case when infinitives follow other verbs; the main exceptions are detailed in our lesson on using infinitives with a change of subject. Thus a sentence such as Dice ser catà ³lica (She says she herself is Catholic) doesnt have the same ambiguity that a sentence such as Dice que es catà ³lica would have (it could mean that the Catholic person is someone other than the subject of the sentence). Using Infinitives As discussed in our lesson on infinitives as nouns, the infinitive has characteristics of both a verb and a noun. Thus, when an infinitive is used after a verb, some grammarians view the infinitive as an object of the conjugated verb, while others see it as a dependent verb. It doesnt matter much how you classify it - just note that in either case both the conjugated verb and the infinitive normally refer to action taken by the same subject. If another person is performing the action, the sentence needs to be recast, usually by using que. For example, Marà ­a me asegurà ³ no saber nada (Marà ­a assured me she knows nothing), but Marà ­a me asegurà ³ que Roberto no sabe nada (Marà ­a assured me that Roberto knows nothing). In many cases, either the infinitive or a sentence using que can be used when the person is performing the action of both verbs. Thus sà © tener razà ³n (I know Im right) is basically the equivalent of sà © que tengo razà ³n, although the second sentence construction is less formal and more common in everyday speech. Common Verbs Followed by Infinitives Following is a list of some of the verbs that most commonly are followed directly by an infinitive, along with sample sentences. It is not intended to be a complete list. aceptar (to accept) - Nunca aceptar ir a los Estados Unidos. (He will never accept going to the United States.)acordar (to agree) - Acordamos darle dos dà ³lares. (We agreed to give him two dollars.)afirmar (to affirm, to state, to say) - El 20% de los mexicanos entrevistados afirmà ³ no hablar de polà ­tica. (Twenty percent of the Mexicans interviewed said they dont talk about politics.)amenazar (to threaten) - Amenazà ³ destruir la casa. (He threatened to destroy the house.)anhelar (to yearn, to long for) - Anhela comprar el coche. (She yearns to buy the car.)asegurar (to assure, to affirm) - Aseguro no saber nada. (I affirm I know nothing.)buscar (to seek, to look for) - Busco ganar experiencia en este campo. (I am looking to gain experience in this field.)creer (to believe) - No creo estar exagerando. (I do not believe I am exaggerating.)deber (ought to, should) - Para aprender, debes salir de tu zona de comodidad. (In order to learn, you ought to leave your comfort zone.)decidir (to decide) - Decidià ³ nadar hasta la otra orilla. (She decided to swim to the other shore.) demostrar (to demonstrate, to show) - Roberto demostrà ³ saber manejar. (Roberto showed he knows how to drive.)desear, querer (to want, to desire) - Quiero/deseo escribir un libro. (I want to write a book.)esperar (to wait for, to hope for, to expect) - Yo no esperaba tener el coche. (I was not expecting to have the car.)fingir (to pretend) - Dorothy finge dormir. (Dorothy is pretending to be sleeping.)intentar (to try) - Siempre intento jugar lo mejor posible.) (I always try to play my best possible.)lamentar, sentir (to regret) - Lamento haber comido. (I regret having eaten.)lograr (to succeed in) - No logra estudiar bien. (He does not succeed in studying well.)negar (to deny) - No niego haber tenido suerte. (I do not deny having been lucky.)pensar (to think, to plan) - Pienso hacerlo. (I plan to do it.)poder (to be able, can) - No puedo dormir. (I cant sleep.)preferir (to prefer) - Prefiero no estudiar. (I prefer not to study.)reconocer (to acknowledge) - Reconozco ha ber mentido. (I admit having lied.) recordar (to remember) - No recuerda haber bebido. (He doesnt remember having drunk.)soler (to be habitually) - Pedro solà ­a mentir. (Pedro would habitually lie.)temer (to fear) - Tema nadar. (She is afraid of swimming.) As you can see from some of the above examples, the infinitive haber followed by the past participle is frequently used to refer to action in the past.

Strategic Plan for next Irregular US Coalition Conflict Essay

Strategic Plan for next Irregular US Coalition Conflict - Essay Example In order to bring about strategies that eliminate the challenges for the U.S irregular conflicts, a mixture of collaborative, competitive and authoritative approached are necessitated to bring about effectiveness and flexibility (Keravuori para 2). Formulating strategies that result in war effectiveness require critical understanding of the numerous actors, and their conflicting ideologies, as well as applying a multiphased approach in war. Above all, a careful examination of the economic effects and actions of the irregular conflict should be given precedence, and negotiations should be employed to the maximum. Irregular conflicts are hard to describe, and knowing how to respond to irregular conflicts is inherently intricate for an outsider like United States (Kramer para 3). Efficient strategies demand that strategists should take into account evolving, mutually dependent and multistakeholder nature of irregular conflicts. The United States defeat in the Vietnam War, setbacks in va rious battles like Somalia, Bosnia and Lebanon, coupled with military and political complexities in Iraq and Afghanistan underscores the limits of United States military traditional supremacy. The supremacy has not in the recent past yielded any influential success against non state actors practicing protracted welfare. America has based its military supremacy on firepower that has been counterproductive. This is a problem that is founded on the country’s military and political culture (Keravuori para 5). The counterinsurgency wars that America engages in are mostly political in nature, rather than being jus ad bellum. This implies that the American government risks the lives of its citizens and that of citizens in countries like afghan and Iraq when national concerns and interests are not at stake. The pentagon’s aversion to counterinsurgency is soundly rooted in the American manner of welfare. Since the early 1940s, the army has trained, outfitted and planned for lar ge scale predictable operations for large scale adversaries, and it has traditionally utilized military operations even against irregular conflicts. Barring a philosophical change in the United States’ armed and political culture, America runs a noteworthy risk of failure whenever it goes into irregular wars of choice. The reason is that great power involvement in small wars is nearly always a subject of preference. Such wars do not involve central United States’ security interests, other than placing the confines of American military on display. The war in Iraq is the latest illustration of the confines of America’s power. Observers argue that sending American renowned generals like Rommel Erwin in the operation Iraqi freedom was an incompetent move. The reason is that Iraqi forces were not difficult to deal with as they were poorly trained, incompetently led, demoralized and badly equipped. Thus, sending massively armed troops in Iraq underscores achievement o f America’s military. Neoimperialist Boot Max praised America on its Iraq invasion as one of the signals of military success in American history. These words were one sided as they anticipated a win situation for America. However, this was not the case as America not only lost in its political objective, but also in eliminating insurgency that was erupting day by day. Three years after Iraq incursion, boot expressed

Elfego Baca American Hero Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Elfego Baca American Hero - Research Paper Example Elfego Baca’s Help for the Hispanic Community Elfego Baca’s political efforts can be estimated from the fact that he held a whole range of public offices that included but were not limited to the country clerk, the Socorro superintendent County, the Sierra Counties, and Socorro’s district attorney. Various writers have identified Elfego Baca as a peacemaker. Elfego Baca has been recognized as the â€Å"best peace officer Socorro ever had† (Thrapp 50). Elfego Baca has been America’s official representative of the Victoriano Huerta’s government from the year 1913 till the year 1916. That was while the Mexican Revolution was in progress. This post got Elfego Baca indicted for the criminal conspiracy as Jose Ines Salazar, the Mexican general had escaped from prison. Elfego Baca’s case was defended by Octaviano Larrazolo who was both a politician and a layer from the New Mexico which also led to spread of the name of Elfego Baca amongst the Southwestern residents. In the year 1912, when New Mexico attained the status of a state, Elfego Baca ran as a Republican for the Congress unsuccessfully. However, as a result of his immense tendency to turn the votes out among the people of the Hispanic population, Elfego Baca remained a very popular political figure. Sometimes, Elfego Baca worked like a private detective. He worked with Bronson Cutting who was the longtime Senator of the New Mexico. Elfego Baca offered the political investigation services for him and also wrote a column in Spanish on weekly basis in which he praised the work of Bronson Cutting. His praise represented the praise of the whole population of the local Hispanics for Cutting’s work. In spite of the decline in his health, Elfego Baca tried to run for the governor. However, he could not manage to get the nomination of the Democratic Party for district attorney in the year 1944. At the time when Elfego Baca rendered these services, the Hispanics we re far less popular in the US as they are today. They were not adequately represented in the media or the literature. The lack of popularity of the Hispanics of his time was one of the factors that differentiated Elfego Baca from the rest of his countrymen. Over the passage of time, Elfego Baca was represented in the media and literature for all of the aforementioned reasons in general and the famous gun battle with the 80 cowboys that is indeed, the single most severe gunshot battles in the history of the US in particular. â€Å"Baca also stood out as a rare example of a Latino hero at time when Hispanics were rarely seen on American TV. Elfego Baca proved popular enough to be recut and released theatrically outside the United States† (â€Å"Swamp Fox And†). Elfego Baca’s famous gun battle with 80 cowboys Elfego Baca was in the West’s greatest gunfight from 29 October 1884 to 31 October 1884 at Frisco. He was fighting opposite to 80 to 84 cowboys in tota l. At that time, Elfego Baca was no more than 19 years old. Elfego Baca entered Frisco as a Deputy Sheriff upon an electioneering visit. There, he located Charlie McCarty who was a cowboy and was shooting a plaza. Elfego Baca captured him and resolved to escort McCarty for trial to Socorro since the justice of the peace had declared retaliation from the Slaughter cowboys if

Advanced auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Advanced auditing - Essay Example Rob Gray tries to identify the scope of social accounting as "the preparation and publication of an account about an organisation's social,environmental,employee,community, customer and other stakeholders' interactions and activities and where possible the consequences of those interactions and activities" With the increase in the business activities backed by globalization, business enterprises have started locating their production facilities across the world, breaking cross border barriers. Such a rapid development, many a times will result in the firms overlooking their social obligations in the interest of maximizing their profits. Hence there has been a good deal of efforts being taken to devise the techniques that measure the contribution of an enterprise to the society. These developments may be considered as the result of the increasing realization of the Social Responsibilities of the enterprises and it becomes necessary that the performance of these enterprises should be s een in the context of their fulfilling their social obligations.According to George Clark "What is now coming to be called Social Auditing is similar in many ways to Financial Auditing except that it is about everything else that an organisation does apart from handling money."There has been a number of proposals put forth to design an extended accounting system that measures the social performance of an enterprise. Linowes has proposed the preparation of a Socio-Economic Operating Statement (SEOS) to show the various social costs and benefits of actions of enterprises. This statement proposes to indicate monetary values of various actions of an enterprise classified in to following categories: Relations with people - to include items like training programmes for handicapped workers, contribution to schools for employees, extra costs incurred in hiring persons from minority or suppressed communities. These items would constitute the contribution of the enterprise in 'improving' the relations with the people. The 'detriments' that need to be shown may be items like postponement of installing safety devices etc Relations with Environment - monetary values of improvements and detriments are to be listed and the net effect shown separately. Relations with Products - In a similar way, monetary values of improvements and detriments are to be listed. Since there is yet to be a significant development to take place in this area, many of the existing models aim at measuring the performance of an enterprise vis--vis the society tales into account the factors like human resource contribution, public contribution, environmental contribution, product or service contribution and net income of the enterprise. 1.2 Environmental Audit: "An environmental audit is a means by which businesses can assess the environmental impacts of their operations. At its core is the measurement and evaluation of all inputs and outputs from the production process." (Australian Government) In the context of the increasing emphasis on protection of environment, environmental accounting and auditing have assumed special importance in recent years. Environmental Accounting aims at measuring the impact of the activities of an organization on the environment. The resultant product is the environmental statement, containing the following among other things to be asserted by the management: A brief description of the activities of the organization and the effect of such activities on the environment as envisaged by the organization A description of the organisation's environmental policy, programme and management systems to implement the stated policies A summary of the figures of emissions which may cause pollution of air and water, waste generation, consumption of raw material, energy, water and other significant environmental aspects. There should also be presented a comparison of such data with the legal norms if any

Research on Primark Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

On Primark - Research Paper Example Therefore, it is quite apparent that the research approaches and methods radically influence the research content. Research philosophy is a belief about the way in which data about a phenomenon should be gathered, analyzed and used. This thesis is a qualitative case study which focuses on an analysis of the HR policies prevailing in Primark. To carry out such a study in general we resort to two main approaches; Deductive reasoning; which works from the more general to the more specific subjects. Sometimes this is informally called a "top-down" approach. In such approach we take up the 'theory' and then try to apply it to the hypotheses that we intend to test. Gradually we narrow down to the testing of data and observations for their applicability to the theory/ theories to arrive at a confirmation of its applicability or not. Such an approach require that we enlist the HR principles concerning effective management, motivation, customer relationship management, employees turnover etc. and then see how the ideal situation applies to Primark, by taking relevant data from the company. The Inductive approach on the other hand begins with collecting data, specific observations, which then lead to broader generalization and theories. Such an approach in called as "bottom up" approach. The patterns thus detected are formulated into tentative hypotheses and we can therefore arrive at some general conclusion about our subject. This appears to be a more practical approach, as we need to collect data from different sources and then come out with the inferences after taking a look at the things projected by data. For example if we find that most of the employees are new to the company that effectively points towards a high employees' turnover. Similarly, if most of the employees express their resentment with the way staff matters are handled by the company, that goes on to indicate about lack of proper motivational strategies in the company. However this study is undertaken with a balanced mix of both these approaches so that we get to analyze the organization as well as established theories. Data Collection Requirements For this study, we need main input from the people working for Primark, for which one method is to take the company reports. But these annual reports mainly highlight the financial aspects and do not contain much info about the employees' issues. Secondly, the company's HR records could form the basis for setting up the record structure, but the company will surely not be forthcoming with their official requirements until it is a statutory requirement. This study is purely for academic purposes, so we'll have to look for other means of collecting data. Therefore, while secondary data can be had from earlier similar studies, books and annual reports, making use of questionnaire therefore appears to be the best option for collecting Primary data. Justification of Strategy Collecting data using a questionnaire seems to be the best approach under the circumstances, because with its help we will have detailed answers to some of our curious questions. Going over to each individual and then asking him/her the questions might not be a viable option because it requires enough time on the part of the respondent as well as on the part of th